The 100 most-cited articles in Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja, 2019

The report proposes a vision for the future of scholarly communication; it examines the current system -with its strengths and weaknesses- and its main actors. It considers the roles of researchers, research institutions, funders and policymakers, publishers and other service providers, as well as citizens and puts forward recommendations addressed to each of them. The report places researchers and their needs at the centre of the scholarly communication of the future, and considers knowledge and understanding created by researchers as public goods. Current developments, enabled primarily by technology, have resulted into a broadening of types of actors involved in scholarly communication and in some cases the disaggregation of the traditional roles in the system. The report views research evaluation as a keystone for scholarly communication, affecting all actors. Researchers, communities and all organisations, in particular funders, have the possibility of improving the current scholarly communication and publishing system: they should start by bringing changes to the research…

This article presents an exhaustive classification of metric-affine theories according to their scale symmetries. First it is clarified that there are three relevant definitions of a scale transformation. These correspond to a projective transformation of the connection, a rescaling of the orthonormal frame, and a combination of the two. The most general second order quadratic metric-affine action, including the parity-violating terms, is constructed in each of the three cases. The results can be straightforwardly generalised by including higher derivatives, and implemented in the general metric-affine, teleparallel, and symmetric teleparallel geometries.

We analysed a molecular dataset of 1206 Geometroidea terminal taxa. In this paper we focus on New World taxa, with 102 Nearctic terminal taxa (97 of which have not previously been subject to molecular phylogenetic analysis) and 398 Neotropical terminal taxa (375 not previously analysed). Up to eleven molecular markers per specimen were included: one mitochondrial (COI) and ten proteincoding nuclear gene regions (Wingless, ArgK, MDH, RpS5, GAPDH, IDH, Ca-ATPase, Nex9, EF-1alpha, CAD). The data were analysed using maximum likelihood approach as implemented in IQ-TREE and RAxML. Photographs of almost all voucher specimens are provided together with relevant type material in illustrated electronic catalogues in order to make identities and taxonomic changes transparent. Our analysis concentrates on the level of tribes and genera, many of which are shown to be para-or polyphyletic. In an effort towards a natural system of monophyletic taxa, we propose taxonomic changes: We establish 11 new tribe names (Larentiinae, authors Brehm, Murillo-Ramos & Ounap): Brabirodini new tribe,…

The extreme diversity of dispersal strategies in ants is unique among terrestrial animals. The nature of ant colonies as social, perennial, and sessile superorganisms is the basis for understanding this diversity, together with the inclusive-fitness framework for social evolution. We review ant dispersal strategies, with the aim of identifying future research directions on ant dispersal and its evolution. We list ultimate and proximate determinants of dispersal traits and the ecological and evolutionary consequences of dispersal for population structures and dynamics, as well as species communities. We outline the eco-evolutionary feedbacks between the multitude of traits affecting dispersal evolution and the likely evolutionary routes and ecological drivers in transitions among the diverse ant dispersal strategies. We conclude by presenting a research framework to fill the gaps in current knowledge, including comparative studies of colony life histories and population structures and theoretical models of the eco-evolutionary dynamics affecting dispersal, in an inclusive-fitness…

This paper surveys the occurrence of gender and numeral classifiers in the languages of the world and evaluates statistically whether there is a complexity trade-off between these two linguistic patterns. Complexity is measured as overt coding of the pattern in a language, an approach that has been shown earlier to provide a reliable first estimate for possible trade-offs between typological variables. The data come from a genealogically and areally stratified sample of 360 languages. The relationship between gender and numeral classifiers in this data was researched by constructing Generalized Linear Mixed Models. According to the results a significant inverse relationship occurs between the variables independently of genealogical affiliation and geographical areas. The distributions are explained functionally by economy, that is, the tendency to avoid using multiple patterns in the same functional domain.

Culturally and linguistically responsive education takes the learners’ diverse identities and languages into account in many ways. This article explores the orientations that emerge when pre-service and in-service teachers evaluate their preparedness to conduct certain culturally and linguistically responsive practices. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on survey data from 181 respondents. In general, teachers’ orientations towards culturally and linguistically responsive pedagogy were positive. Three orientations were identified: orientation to culture, to language and learning, and to affirming identities, with the last being the strongest. Gender, training on multicultural education and current professional status had a significant influence on respondents’ orientations. The results give valuable information for developing teacher education to better respond to the needs of those teaching diverse learners.

Social media has become a key marketing platform for alcohol brands. Social media makes it possible for advertisers to spread messages via consumers and to involve them in the production of marketi ...

This article addresses issues connected with project-based integrative teaching of visual arts to primary school students attending after-school activities. It explores the pedagogical outcomes of using contemporary art forms and materials for the promotion of collaborative knowledge construction and researches these processes in the classroom from the teacher’s perspective. Contemporary art forms, being integrative in their nature, are viewed as a suitable means of introducing students to the varieties of ways for seeing the world around them and using their knowledge acquired in other subjects for the creation of new original artworks through reusing, remediating and bricolaging recyclable materials for the construction of an art installation. The results of this action research prove that such an approach to visual art teaching encourages collaboration and art appreciation and contributes for the development of the student’s aesthetic awareness in a world where the visual image is dominating all aspects of our lives.

Contemporary technologies facilitate democratic participation in a digital form. And Pirate Parties claim to represent such an empowered electronic democracy. Thereby this study examines whether Pirate Parties are actually social movements practicing and promoting electronic democracy. For this aim, the research applies the 'real utopias' framework exploring desirable, viable, and achievable alternative social designs. In terms of methods, the inquiry is based on the analysis of expert interviews and political manifestos. The study revealed that Pirate Parties are genuine democratic initiatives, widely implementing principles and mechanisms of electronic democracy. Overall, the studied Pirate Parties foster member participation at all stages of policy making. Even though Pirate Parties have achieved low electoral results for public offices, their models of internal democratic organization and political ideas are proliferated by other parties.

Internationally coordinated censuses of Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus across continental northwest Europe were undertaken in mid-winter 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015.The estimate of 138,500 birds in 2015, the highest to date, represented a more than doubling of the population size (at an annual increase of 4.1%) since the first census total of 59,000 swans in 1995.The largest increase was in Denmark, where numbers almost trebled from 21,740 in 1995 to 62,620 in 2015.More than 97% of all swans were counted in just six countries.The percentage of total numbers increased significantly between 1995 and 2015 in Denmark (from 36.5% to 45.2%) and Germany (26.0% to 34.7%), but declined significantly in Sweden (14.2% to 8.4%), Norway (13.1% to 3.6%), Poland (6.2% to 4.0%) and the Netherlands (2.4% to 1.7%).The counts show an increasing discrepancy between national trends in abundance for Whooper Swans in Sweden and especially in Denmark in comparison with results obtained only from mid-winter International Waterbird Count (IWC) site coverage.This demonstrates the increasing tendency for…

The H2020 project STRIKE3 contributes enormously for lifting EU industry and institutions to the premier position in the global market for GNSS interference monitoring, detection, reporting, receiver standardization, applica-tions and services. This has been achieved over the last three years through the deployment and operation of an international GNSS interference monitoring network to capture the scale and state of the problem, and through work with international GNSS partners to develop, nego-tiate, promote and implement standards for GNSS threat reporting and GNSS receiver testing. The achievements of STRIKE3 are based on the following cornerstones: i. STRIKE3 global interference monitoring network, ii. A draft interference reporting standard, iii. A draft receiver testing standard against interference, and iv. Internation-al knowledge sharing and awareness building against interference among key GNSS stakeholders across pub-lic and private sectors. All these aspects will be present-ed herein with greater details.

We humans utilise many kinds of chemicals, some of them are safe to use and some of them are dangerous to use. There are chemicals that fall into grey area in the terms of safety. Surfactants are one of them. They are used abundantly and they find their ways to the environment. It is an established fact that surfactants can more or less hinder normal functions of cells, and in the worst cases can cause cell deaths. Despite of this, it is not completely understood what harm surfactants can do to the living organisms in the environment. We live and work in houses that are cleaned with washing chemicals and surfactants. Recently, surfactants were supposed to exist in indoor air, and new studies prove this hypothesis. Literature explains that there might be the possibility that surfactants can adsorb into aerosols. However, analysis methods capable to be used directly for determination of surfactants in aerosol condensate samples are not available. In this M.Sc. thesis a new surfactant determination method was developed with capillary electrophoresis using UV detection and tetraborate…

Metsäteollisuuden toimialaan kohdistuvat rakenteelliset muutokset edistävät sektorin toimijoiden insentiivejä kehittää uusia tuotealueita taantuvien ydintuotteiden tilalle. Puupohjaisia biokemikaaleja pidetään yhtenä merkittävänä tuoteavauksena, joka voi osaltaan kompensoida graafisten paperien kysynnän heikentymisen aiheuttamaa liikevaihdon laskua. Biokemikaalien kohdalla on jo havaittavissa kysyntää esimerkiksi merkittävien tuotebrändien omistajilta, jotka pyrkivät korvaamaan fossiilisia raaka-ainepohjia kestävämmillä vaihtoehdoilla. Uudet puupohjaiset tuotealueet vastaavat muuttuvaan sektorin toimintaympäristöön, mutta vaativat myös uudenlaisia liiketoimintamalleja ja -strategioita sekä uuden osaamisen kehittämistä. Tämä työ tarkastelee suomalaisen puupohjaisten biokemikaalien sektorin kehittymiseen liittyviä systeemisiä heikkouksia ja vahvuuksia sekä niitä politiikkakeinoja, joilla olisi mahdollista edistää tämän sektorin kehittymistä sekä diffuusiota. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jossa kirjallisuuskatsausta täydennettiin kahdeksalla puolistrukturoidulla…

We are used to assuming that media infrastructures are made to last. This essay argues for taking impermanence as a point of departure in order to understand data centres’ power to reshape global and local peripheries into temporary nodes for value extraction, as well as the ways in which data centres influence the topography of global internet connectivity. By contrasting the discourses through which data centres are often represented in the media against their design and the wasteful materialities that underpin their operation, the essay opens up temporality and impermanence of data centres as a new theme for critical intervention that extends earlier discussions on the environmental impact of data centres, and their politics of territoriality.

The focus of this study was to explore doctoral supervisors’ perceptions of the factors contributing to doctoral studies. The study draws on the job demands-resources (JD-R) framework to analyze supervisors’ perceptions of core resources and challenges at different levels of doctoral education. The data comprise 15 semi-structured interviews with professors in their roles as supervisors in economics, medicine, natural sciences, engineering, humanities and social sciences at three Finnish universities. The supervisors identified a variety of resources and challenges related to structures, organization of doctoral studies, the scholarly community, supervisory relationships, and individual competence. Slightly more challenges than resources were identified. The challenges described were related to structural elements and embedded in the research community, whereas many of themperceived resources were associated with social aspects of work. The results highlighted the importance of different supervisory resources such as a good supervisor-student relationship, support of the research…

This study describes a new observational measure for assessing a mother’s prenatal emotional availability in relationship towards her unborn baby (Pre-EA). Concurrent associations between a mother’s Pre-EA, her adult attachment style (AAI), and prenatal maternal reflective functioning (RF) (Pregnancy Interview) were assessed among 45 pregnant women (gw 22-31) screened positive for depressive symptoms in a community-based sample. Pre-EA was measured from a videotaped, semi-structured maternal-fetal interaction assessment procedure (MIM). The two Pre-EA dimensions, sensitivity and non-hostility, were related to adult secure-autonomous attachment style and higher prenatal maternal RF. The results show that this observed emotional availability may be assessed during pregnancy.

Publication of the rich medieval and early modern bone material excavated in Finnish Lapland over the past decades is long due. Bone assemblages can complete the picture of the life and livelihood of the early Saami societies presented in written sources. The data from three Saami dwelling sites and two market places, which are published here, support in many ways the written information, but show also some discrepancies between these two sources of information. The osteological data may raise more questions than they answer, but serve as an important source material for further research.

Dental problems are very common among pet rabbits and rodents. Rabbits and rodents have continuously growing teeth which makes them very susceptible to problems in their dentition. The primary cause of acquired dental disease is typically insufficient or improper wearing of the cheek teeth. This is usually caused by improper diet and nutrition lacking sufficient fibre content to ensure proper wearing of the teeth. Inappropriate diets can cause metabolic disturbances for example through lack of necessary vitamins or an improper Ca:P ratio. These metabolic disturbances can and usually will affect the dentition via the loss of the supporting structures of the teeth. Genetic causes can also be a predisposing factor in the development of dental disease. Brachycephalic dwarf rabbits in special are more susceptible to dental problems because of their shortened skulls and altered masticatory forces that affect the teeth. Trauma can also be the instigating cause. Because a dental problem usually primarily affects the dentition and secondarily other organs and systems, it is best to be…

This longitudinal study explored the development of Finnish undergraduate nursing students’ motivation regulation profiles during two years in traditional and blended learning environments. Also, the association between the profiles and experienced study engagement, burnout and academic performance was investigated. The data were collected with a survey and included motivation regulation, study engagement, and burnout scales that were combined with students’ entrance examination scores, study credits, and grade point averages. Regardless of the learning environment, a majority (62.3%) of the students showed a sustainable, highly developed motivation regulation profile over time. They reported strong study engagement, higher academic performance, and reduced susceptibility to cynicism when compared to the students with less-developed motivation regulation profiles. However, individual reciprocal transitions between motivation regulation profiles over time were found with a group of students. As such, motivation regulation is changeable and influenced by situational components in…

The Dialogue across Indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems reflecting on the IPBES Assessment on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production report presents the main outcomes of a Dialogue across Indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems that revisited and reflected on the key messages derived from the Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). The Dialogue was hosted from the 21st to the 25th of January 2019 by the Karen community of Hin Lad Nai, Chiang Rai, Thailand, and it was co-convened and jointly designed by the Inter Mountain Peoples Education and Culture in Thailand Association (IMPECT) and Pgakenyaw Association for Sustainable Development (PASD) together with SwedBio at the Stockholm Resilience Centre and UNESCO Natural Science Sector.

This paper proposes to integrate the diachronic dimension to the typological study of gender complexity, and focuses on the morphosyntactic encoding of gender distinctions via agreement patterns. After investigating the processes of language change that foster the reduction, loss, expansion and emergence of gender agreement in a sample of fifteen sets of closely related languages (N= 36 languages), we discuss how gender agreement systems in decline and on the rise pattern in terms of complexity. We show that declining and emerging gender agreement systems may exhibit increase or decrease in complexity and discuss how this relates to the fact that they represent transitional stages between absence of gender and full-fledged gender systems. In our analysis, we make use of typological implicational hierarchies in the domain of agreement as a tool to account for diachronic variation and for the patterns of simplification/complexification in the agreement systems of the sampled languages.

The research is based on a comparative study of craft and technology education curriculums and students’ attitudes towards craft and technology in Finland, Slovenia, Estonia and Iceland. The study was undertaken by the Helsinki University, University of Ljubljana, University of Tallinn and University of Iceland. A literature review was completed, in order to examine and compare the curriculums of technology education in Finland, Slovenia, Estonia and Iceland. In addition, a quantitative survey was subsequently distributed to 864 school students in Finland, Slovenia, Estonia and Iceland. It consisted of 14 questions, which aimed to ascertain students’ attitudes towards craft and technology. The survey showed substantial differences in students’ attitudes towards technology education in the four countries: these differences may be explained by differences in the national curriculums, the different pedagogical traditions and cultural differences in the field of technology. In addition, the study tried to examine the structure of students’ attitudes towards technology. The factors can…

With the construction of the largest water dam in the world, China’s Three Gorges Dam, many severe environmental problems have emerged along the Yangtze River. Its constructor, the China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC), publishes an annual environmental report (AER) to address the ecological problems. This study aims to investigate these reports from the perspective of ecolinguistics under the Story Theory put forward by Arran Stibbe (2015). This study addresses three questions: 1) Are there any beneficial, ambivalent, or destructive discourses in China Three Gorges Corporation's annual environmental reports? 2) If so, how is each story being constructed? 3) What suggestions and implications can we obtain from the analyses of these stories? To answer these questions, 10 English AERs published from 2008 to 2017 by CTGC were collected to compile a corpus with a size of 114,770 tokens. Six story types, including frame, metaphor, evaluation, identity, erasure, and salience, were then chosen for analysis with the combination method of ecolinguistics, corpus linguistics, and critical…

This report compares the trends and patterns of lethal violence in from 2007 to 2016, in five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The report is a product of the “Nordic Homicide from Past to Present” research project, funded by the Scandinavian Research Council for criminology. The main findings include: * Based on homicide mortality rates, the Nordic countries form currently three groups: compared to the rates in Denmark and Sweden, the homicide mortality rate is about 30 per cent higher in Finland and 30 per cent lower in Norway and Iceland. However, by global standards, all the countries have extremely low rates of homicide mortality. * In Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, the hotspots of lethal violence are the metropolitan areas of the largest cities; in Finland, the rural areas and small towns in the eastern and northern provinces. In this respect, the situation in Scandinavia and Iceland resembles that in Western Europe, in Finland again, it resembles that in some of the eastern European countries. * In all five countries, non-working…

A cross-linguistic survey shows that languages with gender can have very high levels of morphological complexity, especially where gender is coexponential with case as in many Indo-European languages. If languages with gender are complex overall, apart from their gender, then gender can be regarded as an epiphenomenon of overall language complexity that tends to arise only as an incidental complication in already complex morphological systems. I test and falsify that hypothesis; apart from the gender paradigms themselves, gender languages are no more complex than others. The same is shown for the other main classificatory categories of nouns, numeral classifiers and possessive classes. Person, the other important indexation category, proves to be less complex, and I propose that the reason for this is that person, but not gender, is referential, allowing hierarchical patterning to emerge as a decomplexifying mechanism.

The Right to Energy in the EU"Energy services are fundamental to safeguarding the well-being of the Union citizens.Adequate warmth, cooling and lighting, and energy to power appliances are essential services to guarantee a decent standard of living and citizens' health.Furthermore, access to those energy services enables Union citizens to fulfil their potential and enhances social inclusion."Recital (59) of EU Electricity Directive 2019/944 of 14 June 2019Key policy considerations for the right to energy: Key dimensions Key questions for policy makers and civil society Specific content of the Right to Energy-What is the most appropriate formulation of the right to energy?-Which entitlements are to be included and how, e.g.'affordable', 'clean', 'reliable', 'modern', 'basic' access to energy 'supply' or 'services'?

Sometimes digital images may suffer from considerable noisiness. Of course, we would like to obtain the original noiseless image. However, this may not be even possible. In this thesis we utilize diffusion equations, particularly anisotropic diffusion, to reduce the noise level of the image. Applying these kinds of methods is a trade-off between retaining information and the noise level. Diffusion equations may reduce the noise level, but they also may blur the edges and thus information is lost. We discuss the mathematics and theoretical results behind the diffusion equations. We start with continuous equations and build towards discrete equations as digital images are fully discrete. The main focus is on iterative method, that is, we diffuse the image step by step. As it occurs, we need certain assumptions for these equations to produce good results, one of which is a timestep restriction and the other is a correct choice of a diffusivity function. We construct an anisotropic diffusion algorithm to denoise images and compare it to other diffusion equations. We discuss the edge-enhancing…

Artikeln behandlar fundamentala sociala rättigheter av de tre europeiska nyckelfördragen, Europakonventionen om mänskliga rättigheter (EK), europeiska sociala stadgan (ESS) och Europeiska unionens stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna (EUSGR). Presentationen börjar med att diskutera några allmänna egenskaper av sociala mänskliga rättigheter, deras kontext, bakgrund, natur samt deras funktion och roll i rättsordningen. Huvudfrågan kommer emellertid att fokusera på materiella innehållet av europeiska sociala stadgan och dess fundamentala rättigheter, minimum standarder och situationen i olika stater. Därefter diskuteras förhållandet mellan de tre nyckelfördragen och speciellt relationen av ESS och EUSGR. Artikeln att avslutas genom att påpeka några alternativ för att stärka EU: s sociala profil.

Verbal lexical aspectual structure is a domain in which infinite meaning possibilities meet a closed set of grammatical categories. It is therefore a fruitful area for investigations of subtle cross-linguistic semantic differences, as well as of contact-induced semantic change. Bantu lexical aspectual systems typically include "complex" lexicalizations denoting both a coming-to-be phase and a resultant state (e.g. the same verb in different frame can encode both 'get angry' and 'be angry'). At least some Bantu lexical aspectual types are, therefore, difficult to account for using traditional classifications (e.g. Vendler 1957), and the tests frequently used to arrive at classifications may also not be applicable. In this paper, we describe our pilot study of lexical aspect in isiNdebele, a Bantu language of South Africa, and our comparative with a related South African language, Sindebele. We describe some of the tests we used, and suggest general guidelines for developing and applying tests of lexical aspect within and across languages. We also describe and illustrate the…

The new Finnish National Core Curriculum for Basic Education emphasizes the acquisition of historical thinking skills. In this article, we present teachers’perceptions about the objectives, content descriptions and assessment criteria expressed in the curriculum. We focus our study on teachers’responses to the open-ended questions in an online survey carried out among history teachers in 2017. We studied the quantitative data by those respondents who provided written feedback to see if their responses differed from those who did not provide written feedback. Only one-third of the respondents provided responses to the open-ended questions and those who did gave relatively short but overall negative remarks. According to respondents’answers to the Likert scale statements, however, those who did not give written feedback had a more positive attitude towards the curriculum. In that respect, our study exposes Finnish teachers’relative contentment with it. The written feedback reveals that few respondents complained about teaching historical thinking skills as the key objective in the…

This article analyses EU case law concerning damages liability for non-material harm. The focus here is on recent case law, most of which concerns EU liability. The contribution first provides an overview of cases that deal with non-material damage. Secondly, it explores important themes that emerge from the case law, such as the necessity of monetary reparation, the conditions for harm and causation, and the amounts of compensation granted. Particular attention is paid to the topical notion of reputational harm. Claims concerning damage to reputation or image have frequently emerged in EU liability cases, but compensation has not been readily awarded. The European Court of Justice has, however, relatively recently upheld a decision awarding damages for unjustified and prolonged inclusion on a “sanctions list” (Safa Nicu (C-45/15 P)). The problem of distinguishing between non-material and economic harm under EU law is also discussed.

Useat kansainväliset hankkeet ovat 2000-luvulla määritelleet 21. vuosisadan taitoja ja kompetensseja. Niistä on kehittymässä uusi tapa puhua kasvatuksesta ja koulutuksesta. Edelläkävijä on ollut Taloudellisen yhteistyön ja kehityksen järjestö OECD. Sen vertailevan mittaamisen viitekehys edellyttää määrittelemään eri maiden kulttuureista ja opetussuunnitelmista sekä tiedonaloista riippumattomat geneeriset kompetenssit. Niitä mittaamalla järjestö katsoo voivansa vertailla eri maiden koulutusjärjestelmien tehokkuutta ja laatua ja luoda perustan niiden kehittämiselle. Artikkeli analysoi kriittisesti tämän kehitysstrategian perusteluja ja seurauksia. Kompetenssien kieli suuntaa kasvatusta valmiuksiin, jotka ovat mitattavissa ja joita pidetään työllistymisen ja talouden kehityksen kannalta tärkeinä. Näin se kaventaa käsityksiämme kasvatuksen ja sivistyksen tarkoituksesta ja sisällöstä.

Key challenges in supporting identity development in segregated instruction about worldviews »Dialogue«, »secularisation« and »pluralism« have been key concepts in international discussions concerning religion, public space and education for the past decades.Due to increasingly intense intercultural and transnational movements, national educational systems face new challenges in negotiating with the multitude of civic identities and memberships, those being also related to religions and worldviews.The purpose of this volume is to enrich and complement the discussion concerning religion in education by contextualising the respective phenomena in the current Finnish educational policy and practice, as well as by drawing together empirical and theoretical observations from several case analyses.Even though international comparative studies are integral for the development of knowledge on religion and education, this localised approach concentrating on the Finnish education system provides an interesting case for the analysis in many ways: The Finnish society is rather slowly becoming…

Public participatory archaeology can take many forms, and there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach to engaging with communities and non-professional enthusiasts. Similarly, not all archaeological heritage is the same, and some comes with the label of ‘difficult’, ‘contested’ or ‘dark’ heritage. Particularly, in this article I explore how archaeological heritage that is connected with periods of conflict, namely the Second World War, fares in the sphere of public archaeology. My case studies from Scotland and Finland also illustrate very different community heritage models, and I reflect on the role of the public archaeologist in these scenarios.

In June 2013, Russian Parliament (the State Duma) adopted the bill 135-FZ meant to "protect children from information that promotes denial of traditional family values." This piece of legislation amended several federal laws and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation with the final purpose to ban from public access something called "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations".

This article examines how two Finnish religious education (RE) teachers, one in Islamic and one in Lutheran RE, seek to construct openness when dealing with religious truth claims and religious commitment, the key areas in which indoctrination might take place. It also observes how these constructions work in the classroom and explains them in the light of teacher intentions and pupil pre-understandings of the RE classroom setting. Focusing on Islamic RE contests secular and Protestant discourses concerning the practices of RE in Europe, especially in denominational settings. Comparing the two contexts, Islamic minority and Lutheran majority RE, also helps to avoid over-interpretations about the impact of Islam. The issue is approached by combining classroom observations with teacher and pupil perspectives expressed in interviews. The findings suggest that there was frequent mismatch between teacher goals and pupil interpretation. In order to 'do openness' in the classroom more effectively, RE teachers should regard openness and critical thinking as learning objectives instead of…

Kahviteollisuus tarjoaa näkökulman hyödykekaupan ja kehityksen suhteeseen. Teema on ollut kehityskeskustelussa mukana vuosikymmeniä. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee pientä osaa maailman laajuisesta kahvikaupasta. Tutkielman aiheena on niin sanottu kolmannen aallon kahvi, eli korkean laadun kahvin ympärille muodostunut alakulttuuri. Alakulttuurin keskiössä on pyrkimys luoda globaalin Etelän viljelijöiden ja Pohjoisen kahvin myyjien ja kuluttajien välille uudenlainen suhde. Tutkielman tarkoitus on esitellä Pohjoisessa toimivien, tähän alakulttuuriin kuuluvien, kahvialan ammattilaisten näkemyksiä jotka muodostavat ammattilaisten käsityksen eettisestä kaupasta. Tutkielman tavoite on ymmärtää paremmin verkostoja jotka yhdistävät globaalin Pohjoisen ja Etelän aikana jolloin tieto tuotteen alkuperästä kuuluu osaksi laadun kokemusta, mutta epätasapaino sekä vallassa että resursseissa säilyy globaalin kaupan piirteenä. Tutkielman empiirinen materiaali koostuu kahdeksasta kahvialan ammattilaisten haastattelusta ja seitsemän kahvialan organisaation verkkosivujen materiaalista. Materiaalia…

Excerpt: "...the following remarks provide an overview of the role of churches during the Cold War. Very often, the role of churches will be represented by developments and discussions within the WCC, which can be understood as a sort of role model, because it provided the "bell" for similar developments in the Western and Northern European countries. Three topics were prioritized. First was the dilemma of an ecumenism between the East and West in the early phase of the Cold War during the late 1940s and 1950s, which accompanied the founding of the World Council of Churches in 1948. Second, was the position of the World Council of Churches in the period of detente after the late 1960s. And third, was the issue of political instrumentalization of the World Council of Churches during the Cold War period. For them all, the Cold War formed a kind of meta-history, because its implicit antagonism between the West and East, between two different political systems and its various phases also shaped the great debates, controversies, and directional decisions of the churches."

Sosiaalisen median aineistoja on pyritty hyödyntämään ennustemalleissa esimerkiksi vaalitulosten, työttömyysasteen, osakekurssien tai kuluttajatuotteiden kysynnän ennakoinnissa. Laajempia kulutusilmiöitä on kuitenkin harvemmin pyritty ennustamaan sosiaalisen median avulla. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy veganismiin, viime vuosina pinnalla olleeseen kulutusilmiöön, vertaamalla sitä koskevien sosiaalisen median viestien määrää vegaanisten kasvimaitotuotteiden myyntiin. Analysoimalla viikoittaista myyntimäärää ja sosiaalisen median hakusanaryppäiden osumien määrää vuodesta 2012 vuoteen 2016 autoregressivisen vektorivirheenkorjausmallin (VECM) avulla tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että kasvimaitotuotteiden myynnillä sekä sosiaalisen median viesteillä on olemassa pitkän aikavälin riippuvuussuhde. Yleistä ilmiötä, veganismia, koskevat viestit selittivät kasvimaitotuotteiden myyntiä, mutta kyseisiä tuotteita koskevat viestit eivät. Myynnin ennustamisessa toimii kuitenkin parhaiten pelkkään myyntiaineistoon pohjautuva SARIMAX-ennuste.

Maataloustuotanto ja sen osa-alueet kuten viljelykasvien monipuolistaminen, jatkuva kasvipeitteisyys sekä erilaiset maaperän parannuskeinot ovat kestävää kehitystä tukevia ja potentiaaliltaan merkittäviä toimia ilmastonmuutoksen hallinnassa. Kasvava ilmastonmuutokseen liittyvä keskustelu on osaltaan lisännyt kestävien materiaalien ja ratkaisujen kysyntää valmistavassa teollisuudessa. Nokkonen (Urtica dioica) on todettu ekologisesti ja taloudellisesti arvokkaaksi kasviksi jolla on merkittävä kaupallinen potentiaali. Nokkosen monivuotisuus ja vaatimaton panoskäyttö, sekä monet mahdolliset käyttötarkoitukset kasvukauden aikana tekevät siitä viljelijöille kiinnostavan kasvin. Nokkonen on ollut historiallisesti teollisen mittakaavan viljelykasvi, mutta nykyinen tuotanto on marginaalista positiivisista ominaisuuksista huolimatta. Nokkosen kaupallista potentiaalia on viimeaikoina tutkittu monista eri näkökulmista ja käyttötarkoituksista, viljelijöiden vähyys on kuitenkin jättänyt tulokset hyödyntämättä laajemmassa mittakaavassa. Tämä tutkimus on toteutettu perinteisin laskentatoimen…

Nina Tahmasebi, Centre for Digital Humanities, Språkbanken, University of Gothenburg Simon Hengchen, COMHIS, Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki The strengths and pitfalls of large-scale text mining for literary studies This paper is an overview of the opportunities and challenges of using large-scale text mining to answer research questions that stem from the humanities in general and literature specifically. In this paper, we will discuss a data-intensive research methodology and how different views of digital text affect answers to research questions. We will discuss results derived from text mining, how these results can be evaluated, and their relation to hypotheses and research questions. Finally, we will discuss some pitfalls of computational literary analysis and give some pointers as to how these can be avoided.

The aim of this article is to provide an image of the beginning, growth, and current situation of healthcare chaplaincy in Finland. The history of the chaplaincy takes us back decades, yet the healthcare chaplaincy as we know it today was formed in the 1960s. The Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland has played a significant role in the development of the chaplaincy. Two contexts exist as chaplaincy locales: healthcare and the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland. It took decades for healthcare chaplaincy to find its place within and between these two contexts, yet the recent cutbacks in personnel do not promise easy years for the future. Research within this manifold subject is diverse, but new studies are still needed to tackle the challenges of the changing context, work climate, and divergent needs of the patients.

Empathy is fundamental in our abilities to achieve healthy, happy, socially successful lives. The importance of its inclusion in educational pedagogical practices and classroom instruction is highly emphasized, yet very little research has been conducted to examine artistic exercises as effective ways for promoting empathy through pedagogy. VTS is a dialogical form of aesthetic interview that encourages groups of students to engage critical thinking skills. This article addresses a dissertation study in which VTS was implemented as an arts-based educational research (ABER) methodology to elicit discourse. The data, comprised of an audio recorded VTS exercise, was collected during a workshop at a conference in Vienna, Austria. Participants discussed an illustration taken from Shaun Tan’s The Arrival, a graphic novel telling the story of an Immigrant’s journey. Findings illuminate how VTS exercises elicited empathic discourse and a discussion explores VTS as a pedagogy for eliciting empathy within a theoretical context.

In this paper, we study privacy models for privacy-preserving WiFi fingerprint based indoor local- ization (PPIL) schemes. We show that many existing models are insufficient and make unrealistic assumptions regarding adversaries’ power. To cover the state-of-the-art practical attacks, we propose the first formal security model which formulates the security goals of both client-side and server-side privacy beyond the curious-but-honest setting. In particular, our model considers various malicious behaviors such as exposing secrets of principles, choosing malicious WiFi fingerprints in location queries, and specifying the location area of a target client. Furthermore, we formulate the client-side privacy in an indistinguishability manner where an adversary is required to distinguish a client’s real location from a random one. The server-side privacy requires that adversaries cannot generate a fab- ricate database which provides a similar function to the real database of the server. In particular, we formally define the similarity between databases with a ball approach that has not…

Shared problems require shared action. The world economy and deepening global risks bind us together, but we lack the collective global agency required to address them. A sustainable global future will be impossible without a fundamental shift from the dominant national mythos to a global worldview, and the concomitant creation of institutions with transformative political agency. A world political party would be well-suited to bring about such a shift. Although such a party will not materialize overnight, it can emerge from the chrysalis of activism and experimentation already forming on the world stage. The transnational Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25) is a compelling experiment in this vein, providing useful lessons for a world political party proper. Although the challenges to forming a transformative world party are profound, the risks of inaction are grave—and the rewards of success momentous.

Huoli nuorista ja nuorten syrjäytymisestä kuuluu politiikan ja julkisen keskustelun vakioaiheisiin. Ratkaisuksi huoleen on kehitetty lyhytkestoisia koulutusta, ohjausta ja kuntoutusta tarjoavia projekteja, nuoriso- ja yhteiskuntatakuita, yhden luukun palvelupisteitä sekä muita tukijärjestelmiä, joilla syrjäytymistä on pyritty estämään ja ehkäisemään. Samalla kun huolta on kannettu nuorista, on sekä kansallisessa että ylikansallisessa politiikassa puhuttu erilaisista, etenkin talouteen liittyvistä kriiseistä. Suomen Akatemian rahoittaman Nuorten tukijärjestelmät haavoittuvuuden eetoksessa -tutkimushankkeen tutkimukseen perustuvassa artikkelissa tarkastelemme nuorten syrjäytymisen ehkäisemiseen tähtääviä tukijärjestelmiä, niiden taustalla olevaa politiikkaa ja laajempaa yhteiskunnallista tilannetta. Etenkin käsittelemme sitä, miten haavoittuvuuden eetokseksi nimeämämme ajattelu- ja toimintatapa rakentuu tukijärjestelmissä ja millaisia ehtoja se asettaa nuorten olemiselle ja toiminnalle. Esittelemme tutkimustulostemme perusteella kolme toisiinsa liittyvää ja nuorten tukijärjestelmissä…

Uskonnollisen tulkintaperinteen kehitystä luonnehtii perimätiedon muuntuminen välitysprosessin myötä. Myöhemmät huomiot rakentuvat aina aiemman perinteen varaan niin, että joitain yksityiskohtia unohtuu siinä, missä osa tiedosta muuttuu – lisäksi traditioihin voidaan lisätä uutta ainesta. Tällainen prosessi voidaan juutalaisessa tulkintaperinteessä nähdä erityisesti rabbiinisessa kirjallisuudessa, eikä rabbiininen diskurssi naisen luomiseen liittyen poikkeakaan tästä perusolettamuksesta. Myös naisen luomisena pidettyä Raamatun tekstijaksoa on tulkittu historian saatossa kontekstisidonnaisista ja alati muuttuvista lähtökohdista käsin, mikä on osaltaan vahvistanut sukupuolten välistä epäsymmetriaa ylläpitäviä raamatuntulkintoja. Koska nainen on nähty miehelle alisteisena tämän kylkiluusta riippuvaisen luomisensa vuoksi, on tilanne vaikuttanut monella tapaa myös naisten oikeudelliseen asemaan. Tässä tutkimuksessa arvioidaan naisen luomiseen liittyvien rabbiinisten tulkintojen historiallista kehitystä myöhäisantiikissa. Tutkimuksen aikaikkuna on 400-luvulta 800-luvulle niin, että se…

This report provides a continuation of the analysis that the Finnish Climate Change Panel conducted on the long-term emissions reduction target for Finland.This analysis was originally developed as background material for answering questions Minister Tiilikainen posed to the Panel concerning the long-term emissions reduction target for Finland.The specific questions given to the Panel for consideration were 1) Considering current long-term climate policy commitments and the scientific views on reaching the Paris Agreement goals, what could be a sufficiently ambitious reduction target for Finland for 2050? 2) How does the Panel view the preciseness of setting a target and possible milestones towards reaching it?Taking into account uncertainties and other factors, is there reason to consider a target range instead of a specific target?Are there grounds for defining an emissions reduction pathway towards 2050 targets? 3) Does the Panel see carbon neutrality as part of the emissions reduction target or as a parallel goal?How could these targets work together coherently?4) What kind of…

A landscape report of major international (outside of Europe) research infrastructures. The report is the final product of the RISCAPE project, funded by the European Commission H2020 programme. This is the consolidated version, with the appendices included, and represents the version available 30/12/2019.

It is known that persons afflicted with autism often have deviant prosodic features in their speech. For example, they may have a limited range of intonation, their speech can be overly fast, jerky or loud, or it can be characterized by large pitch excursions, quiet voice, inconsistent pause structure, prominent word stress and/or by creaky or nasal voice (Paul et al. 2005a; Paul et al. 2005b; Shriberg et al. 2001; Provonost et al. 1966; Rutter & Lockyer 1967; Ornitz & Ritvo 1976; Fay & Schuler 1980; Tager-Flusberg 1981; Baltaxe & Simmons 1985, 1992; Paul 1987; McPartland & Klin 2006; Tager-Flusberg 2000). Moreover, it has been shown that people afflicted with autism have difficulties to produce affective prosodic patterns (Scott 1985). Fine et al. (1991) have however reported that autistic subjects are able to employ useful prosodic patterns for communication. Producing appropriate stress patterns can nevertheless be difficult for them (Paul et al. 2005a, Paul et al. 2005b). Shriberg et al. (2001) report that persons with autism have notable deficits in pragmatic and affective use…

Engagement analytics is a branch of learning analytics (LA) that focuses on student engagement, with the majority of studies conducted by computer scientists.Thus, rather than focusing on learning, research in this field usually treats education as a scenario for algorithms optimization and it rarely concludes with implications for practice. While LA as a research field is reaching ten years, its contribution to our understanding of teaching and learning and its impact on learning enhancement are still underdeveloped. This paper argues that data-driven modeling of engagement analytics is helpful to assess student engagement and to promote reflections on the quality of teaching and learning. In this article, the authors a) introduce four key constructs (student engagement, learning analytics, engagement analytics, modeling and data-driven modeling); b) explain why data-driven modeling is chosen for engagement analytics and the limitations of using a predefined framework; c) discuss how to use engagement analytics to promote pedagogical reflection using a pilot study as a…

Tämän oppimisen ja osaamisen arviointiin perusopetuksessa ja lukiokoulutuksessa kohdentuneen arvioinnin tarkoituksena oli tarkastella, millaisia kokemuksia ja käsityksiä rehtoreilla, opettajilla, oppijoilla ja huoltajilla oli arviointimenetelmistä, -käytänteistä ja -kulttuurista. Arviointi perustui paikallisten opetussuunnitelmien arviointia käsitteleviin tekstidokumentteihin, otantaan osuneissa yksiköissä (peruskoulut ja lukiot) keväällä 2018 toteutettuihin, yli 8 000 vastaajaa käsittäneisiin sähköisiin kyselyihin sekä otantayksiköissä järjestettyihin pienryhmäkeskusteluihin. Arvioinnin kolmeen pääkysymykseen annettiin seuraavanlaisia vastauksia ja suosituksia: 1. Millaisia ovat perusopetuksen ja lukiokoulutuksen arviointikäytänteet? Yleisimmin käytettiin summatiivisia ja yksilökeskeisiä arviointimenetelmiä. Opettajien palautekäytännöt koettiin toimiviksi ja kannustavan palautteen merkitystä korostettiin sekä opettajien, oppijoiden että huoltajien vastauksissa. Oppiaineiden arvosanat perustuivat yleensä tavoitteisiin ja arviointikriteereihin, vaikka oppijoiden suoriutumista…

Tämän diskurssianalyyttisen tutkimusartikkelin tarkoituksena on tuottaa perusteltu puheenvuoro toiseuttavia identiteettikategorioita tuottavan tarvediskurssin tarkasteluun peruskoulukontekstissa. Artikkelissa analysoidaan 13:n aktiivisuuden ja tarkkaavuuden häiriö -diagnoosin (ADHD) kanssa elävän nuoren identiteettineuvotteluita heidän koulukokemuksiaan koskevassa haastatteluvuorovaikutuksessa. Nuoret tuottivat erityisopetuksesta ja ADHD-diagnoosista haastatteluvuorovaikutuksessa lähtökohtaisesti itseään negatiivisesti määrittäviä sosiaalisia kategorioita pyrkimällä spontaanisti normalisoimaan identiteettinsä suhteessa niihin. Erityisoppilaasta ja ADHD-oppilaasta tuotettiin nuorten sisäistämiä toiseuttavia identiteettikategorioita. Artikkelissa pohditaan koulun roolia toiseuttavien diskurssien ylläpitäjänä ja purkajana problematisoimalla erityisen (tuen) tarpeen käsite, retoriikka ja käytännöt. Asiasanat: aktiivisuuden ja tarkkaavuuden häiriö (ADHD), toiseus, erityistarve, diskurssianalyysi

In the four years of Finland’s Continuation War against the USSR, Finnish troops captured 67,000 Soviet prisoners-of-war who were handled behind lines in an extended network of POW formations. Drawing from archived correspondence between the responsible military administration and the POW camp commanders, the article analyses the resources allocated for the management of communication issues as wells as the discourses concerning the interpreter’s tasks, role, trustworthiness, and positioning in the strenuous and violent conditions of POW camps.

The imprisonment of men in the Russian republic of Chechnya for alleged homosexuality.

Kansojen lisääntynyt liikkuvuus ja globalisaatio moninaistavat yhteiskuntaa ja lisäävät kielten ja uskontojen kirjoa kulttuurissamme. Väestönmuutoksen nopeudesta johtuen suomalainen koulu- ja oppilaitoskulttuuri sekä opettajankoulutus eivät ole vielä ehtineet täysin sopeutua uuteen tilanteeseen. Maahanmuuttajien integroitumisen avainkysymyksiä ovat kielen ja kulttuurin ymmärtäminen sekä sen rinnalla mahdollisuus oman kulttuurin, uskonnon ja äidinkielen ylläpitoon. Yleissivistävän koulutuksen näkökulmasta integroitumista selvimmin tukevia oppiaineita ovat suomi tai ruotsi toisena kielenä ja kirjallisuus (S2, R2) sekä ns. oman äidinkielen opetus sekä katsomusaineet. Koulujen monet kielet ja uskonnot on Valtioneuvoston kanslian rahoittama ja Helsingin yliopiston kasvatustieteellisessä tiedekunnassa toteutettu tutkimushanke, jossa on tuotettu monipuolista tutkimustietoa vähemmistöäidinkielten ja -uskontojen sekä suomi tai ruotsi toisena kielenä -opetuksen tilanteesta, resursseista ja tulevaisuuden tarpeista eri koulutusasteilla. Hankkeen tarkoituksena on auttaa päättäjiä ja koulutuksen…

This article examines the so-called companization of cooperative law. Companization refers to the phenomenon of national cooperative laws adopting elements of efficiency- oriented company legislation; i.e., cooperative societies seem to be slowly transforming into cooperative companies. Companization is a widely recognized issue, but there is little research on the topic. This is unfortunate, since studying companization helps us understand the relationship between cooperative law and company law, and, furthermore, it serves as a gateway to the investigation of the essential nature of cooperatives and why we need them. This article examines the companization of cooperative law using the Finnish Cooperatives Act (FCA) as a framework for analysis. The FCA is a good instrument for elaborating what companization means in practice, since cooperatives play a larger role in the Finnish economy than anywhere else in the world and since companization has been the conscious objective of Finnish legislators. This research was conducted by reflecting on the FCA in relation to the international…

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia suomalaisten peruskoulujen opiskelijoiden sosiaalisen sitoutumisen mittariston pätevyyttä ja luotettavuutta. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia sosiaalisen sitoutumisen ja introversion vaikutusta itsetuntoon, kouluintoon uupumukseen. Tämän tarkoituksena oli ymmärtää, kuinka korkea sosiaalinen sitoutuminen vaikuttaa introvertin itsetuntoon, kouluintoon ja uupumukseen verrattuna niihin introvertteihin, joilla sosiaalinen sitoutuminen on alhainen. Tutkimuksen teoria keskittyi sosiaaliseen sitoutumiseen, jonka on ehdotettu olevan yksi kouluun sitoutumisen ulottuvuuksista. Sosiaalinen sitoutuminen parantaa oppilaiden oppimista, kriittistä ajattelua sekä ongelmanratkaisukykyjä. Introverttius valittiin tutkimuksen osa-alueeksi, koska introvertit nähdään yleensä stereotyyppisesti epäsosiaalisina ja ettei heitä kiinnosta muiden ihmisten kanssa työskentely. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin Helsingin yliopiston Mind the Gap -tutkimusryhmän aineistoa, joka on kerätty kyselylomakkein vuosina 2013–2016. Näytekoko oli 862 opiskelijaa. Tutkimuskysymyksiin…

The number of bike-sharing systems has increased rapidly during the last decade. These systems expand urban mobility options and provide a solution to the so-called “last-mile” problem. While new bike-sharing systems are opened and current ones expanded in Finland and elsewhere in large numbers, it is important to understand how these systems are used and by whom. Despite the wealth of bike-sharing literature, usage patterns by different user groups are still not yet well studied. This knowledge is needed to ensure that the benefits of bike-sharing systems distribute as evenly as possible to the citizens. In this study, I have employed a person-based approach to study mobility patterns of bike-sharing users in Helsinki. The system in Helsinki was opened in 2016 and the urban bikes quickly became popular among citizens. I have aimed to understand how equally the bike-sharing system in Helsinki is serving the citizens and how different user groups have differed from each other in their use. I have also studied how the system is linking to public transport in Helsinki and compared the…

This report describes the first instance to employ the international assessment framework for arctic observations developed by SAON and IDA STPI in 2017. Earth Observation (EO) inputs like SYNOP station measurements of physical atmosphere and in other stations ocean variables were linked to key products/outcomes/services like numerical weather prediction and through groups like in this case weather service connected to key objectives of the assessment framework. Representative yearly unit costs of EO inputs and modelling components were estimated by station experts or estimated based on European Union projects or Copernicus program tenders. The WMO OSCAR database for satellite and surface observation systems north of 60°N was used for numbers of the different station and mission categories in the Arctic. The total yearly value of this observation system including EO inputs and modeling is over 204 million €. Compared to the observing system estimated costs in the area 30°N to 60°N this is only about a fifth. The value tree can now follow and combine the value invested in these…

Carbon balance of forests is defined by three main processes; photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration, and heterotrophic respiration. Climate impact of forests include also non-carbon effects like albedo, biogenic aerosols, effect on clouds, evaporation and surface roughness. A well-thought measurement setup as well as standardised procedures are essential for a meaningful and robust monitoring and the comparability of the observations at the same site and in inter-site comparisons. Depending on the mitigation project objectives and scale different combination of methodologies could be used including forest carbon inventories, chamber measurements, tower-based eddy covariance flux measurements, large-scale atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements, aircraft and satellite remote sensing. In addition to GHGs, forests have other important climate effects. They change surface albedo (warming effect), are source of volatile organic compounds (VOC), have effect on aerosol particle formation and growth, increases amount of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and has effect on cloud formation as…

Maitohappobakteereilla on pitkä käyttöhistoria elintarvikkeiden valmistuksessa johtuen niiden hyödyllisistä metabolisista ominaisuuksista sekä terveyttä edistävistä vaikutuksista. Pitkän käyttöhistoriansa vuoksi maitohappobakteereita pidetään turvallisina ja suurimmalla osalla niistä onkin FDA:n (U.S Food and Drug Administration) myöntämä GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) -status sekä EFSA:n (European Food Safety Authority) myöntämä QPS (Qualified Presumption of Safety) -status. Antimikrobiresistenssi on maailmanlaajuinen ongelma ja yhä useampi infektiosairaus on kasvavan resistenssin vuoksi vaikeampi hoitaa. Antimikrobiresistenssi on luonnollisesti suurin ongelma tautia aiheuttavissa mikrobeissa, mutta resistenssien lisääntyessä olisi hyvä ottaa huomioon myös ihmiselle hyödylliset mikrobit ja niiden mahdollinen kyky levittää geenejä ympäristöönsä ja myös patogeenisiin mikrobeihin. Fermentoidut elintarvikkeet luovat suotuisan ympäristön antimikrobisten geenien leviämiselle mm. sen vuoksi, että niissä voi olla korkeita määriä eläviä mikrobeja. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää…

Biotalous tarkoittaa taloutta, joka pyrkii luomaan kestäviä ratkaisuja uusituvia luonnonvaroja käyttämällä. Suomessa metsäbiotalous muodostaa biotalouden perustan. Suomen biotalousstrategiassa on asetettu kunnianhimoiset tavoitteet työllisyydestä, talouskehityksestä sekä uusien innovatiivisten tuotteiden ja palveluiden kehittämisestä. Kuitenkin nämä ratkaisut ovat vielä laajasti teoreettisella tasolla ja biotalouden yleistä kestävyyttä kyseenalaistetaan. Kaupungistuminen on maailmanlaajuinen ilmiö ja myös Suomessa suuret kaupungit kasvavat samalla kun maaseudun väestö vähenee. Täten kaupunkilaisväestön tärkeys biotalouden tuotteiden ja ratkaisujen loppukäyttäjinä kasvaa, ja heidän käsitystensä, tietotason ja mielipiteidensä ymmärtäminen on olennaista biotalouden käytänteiden jalkauttamisessa. Tämä tutkielma pyrkii vastaamaan kysymyksiin “mitkä ovat maailmankatsomukset, joiden kautta kaupunkilaiset ymmärtävät metsäbiotalouden?” ja ”miten nämä maailmankuvat vaikuttavat kaupunkilaisten käsityksiin metsäbiotaloudesta?” Näitä maailmankuvia tulkitaan Integrative Worldview Frameworkin…

Hapanoluen aistinvaraisissa ominaisuuksissa voi tapahtua odottamattomia muutoksia hyödynnettäessä maitohappobakteerifermentaatiota. Myös toivottujen, aistinvaraisiin ominaisuuksiin vaikuttavien komponenttien tuottaminen hapanoluisiin on osoittautunut haastavaksi. Työssä tutkittiin kuuden eri maitohappobakteerin vaikutuksia hapanoluiden aistinvaraisiin ja kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin, joita analysoitiin soveltuvin menetelmin. Hapanoluet valmistettiin käyttäen seuraavia maitohappobakteerilajeja: Lactobacillus plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. delbrueckii sekä L. alimentarius, jota ei kirjallisuuskat-sauksen perusteella ole aiemmin käytetty hapanoluen valmistuksessa. Pastöroimattomien oluiden valmistus kesti yhteensä noin kuusi viikkoa. Valmistuksen aikana mitattiin muutoksia solutiheydessä, pH:ssa, taitekertoimessa, orgaanisten happojen ja etanolin konsentraatiossa (käyttäen PDA/RI-menetelmää) sekä sokereiden konsentraatioissa (käyttäen HPAEC-PAD -menetelmää). Aistinvarainen arviointi suoritettiin kahdessa osiossa: Kouluttamaton raati arvioi oluita yleisen…

Modernissa korkeaenergiafysiikassa luonnonilmiöt kuvataan kvanttikenttäteorioiden (QFT) avulla. Fysikaalisten suureiden arvioiminen johtaa usein häiriöteoreettisiin laskutoimituksiin, jotka kohdistuvat Feynmanin diagrammeihin. Nollalämpötilan teorioissa relevantit fysikaaliset suureet ilmaantuvat sironta-amplitudeista. Äärellisen lämpötilan teorioissa termodynaamiset suureet johdetaan systeemin vapaasta energiasta. Näiden perturbatiiviseen kuvaamiseen liittyvät Feynmanin diagrammit havainnollistavat graafisesti moniulotteisia liikemäärä- tai paikka-avaruuden integraaleja. Mestari-integraaleiksi nimitetään näissä diagrammeissa esiintyiä rakenteita, joita ei osata algebrallisesti esittää yksinkertaisemmassa muodossa. Ne ovat välttämättömiä häiriöteorian mukaisten korjausten arvioimisessa, ja ilmaantuvat jokaisessa kvanttikenttäteorian kuvaamassa järjestelmässä. Erityisesti diagrammaattiset integraalirakenteet voidaan esittää mestari-integraalien lineaarikombinaatioina ja tuloina. Nollalämpötilan kvanttikenttäteorioiden mestari-integraalit kytkeytyvät monisilmukkaisiin…

Continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD) can be seen as an essential part of modern software development. CI/CD consists of always having software in a deployable state. This is accomplished by continuously integrating the code into a main branch, in addition to automatically building and testing it. Version control and dedicated CI/CD tools can be used to accomplish this. This thesis consists of a case study which aim was to find the benefits and challenges related to the implementation of CI/CD in the context of a Finnish software company. The study was conducted with semi-structured interviews. The benefits of CD that were found include faster iteration, better assurance of quality, and easier deployments. The challenges identified were related to testing practices, infrastructure management and company culture. It is also difficult to implement a full continuous deployment pipeline for the case project, which is mostly due to the risks involved updating software in business-critical production use. The results of this study were found to be similar to the results…

In recent decades, ancient DNA recovered from old and degraded samples, such as bones and fossils, has presented novel prospects in the fields of genetics, archaeology and anthropology. In Finland, ancient DNA research is constrained by the poor preservation of bones: they are quickly degraded by acidic soils, limiting the age of DNA that can be recovered from physical remains. However, some soil components can bind DNA and thus protect the molecules from degradation. Ancient DNA from soils and sediments has previously been used to reconstruct paleoenvironments, to study ancient parasites and diet and to demonstrate the presence of a species at a given site, even when there are no visible fossils present. In this pilot study, I explored the potential of archaeological sediments as an alternative source of ancient human DNA. I collected sediment samples from five Finnish Neolithic Stone Age (6,000–4,000 years ago) settlement sites, located in woodland. In addition, I analysed a lakebed sample from a submerged Mesolithic (10,000–7,000 years ago) settlement site, and a soil sample from…

Tarkastelemme artikkelissa talous- ja kuluttajakasvatuksen oppihistoriallisia lähtökohtia sekä käsitteiden välisiä \nkytköksiä. Talouden lukutaitoa pidetään keskeisenä kansalaistaitona talouskasvatuksen perinteessä. Lukutaitoon \nkohdistuu kuitenkin kritiikkiä sen staattisuuden vuoksi. Lukutaidon rinnalla tarkastelemme talouden opetusta \nmyös taloudellisen kyvykkyyden kautta, missä painottuu käytännön talous- ja kuluttajaosaaminen ja toimijuus. \nPohdimme myös sitä, miten talouden teemoja ja sisältöalueita tulisi opetuksessa painottaa kestävyyshaasteen \nedessä.

Neutral density filters in theory do not affect the shape of the spectrum of radiation that traverses through them. In practice, real neutral density filters are far from being truly neutral and do alter the spectrum of radiation. Not all neutral density filters alter the spectrum to the same extent or in the same way. We here compare the spectral transmittance of six readily available neutral density filters and consider how their effect on the light spectrum can have implications for their use in light sources used in scientific research and on camera lenses used for imaging.

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in the human penis as it is known that luteinizing hormone (LH) regulates cellular function mostly through the cAMP signaling pathway and LH receptors are expressed by the penile endothelium.Penile tissue was obtained from three patients during partial or total penectomy due to a rectal cancer with secondary penile metastasis or squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.Immunohistochemistry was used for the detection of cAMP and CREB.Positive immunoreaction for cAMP was present in most cells of superficial, intermedial, and basal layer of urethral epithelium and in fibroblast-like cells (FLC) of interstitial tissue and endothelial cells (EC) of cavernous spaces in corpus spongiosum penis.Positive staining for cAMP was also visible in EC of cavernous spaces and in FLC of interstitial tissue in corpus cavernosum penis.Positive immunoreaction for CREB was present in the superficial and intermedial layer of urethral epithelium, and some…

The korp.csc.fi server in Finland provides text corpora of multiple varieties for numerous languages large and small. The Korp infrastructure is developed by the Swedish Språkbanken in the University and Gothenburg, and the source code is released under MIT license. Open nature of the systems makes it easily transferred into new environments, and there are already numerous Korp installations available. The one we discuss is maintained by the Language Bank of Finland.