The 100 most-cited articles in Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja, 2017

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Using Afrobarometer data, we show that experiencing bribery in the course of one's interactions with the public sector lowers one's trust in big private corporations, small businesses and local traders. As trust in market institutions is vital to the efficient functioning of an economy, our findings point to a previously unknown and potentially substantial cost of corruption. This relationship is evident even when we control for perceptions of corruption. Our findings are not driven by corruption lowering interpersonal trust. Having to pay a bribe for household services is the corrupt interaction most strongly associated with the decline in private sector trust.

УДК 323ю396 ББК 66.3 (2Рос) Г 32 Г 32 Гельман В. Politics versus policy: технократические ловушки постсоветских преобразований / Владимир Гельман: Препринт М-55/17.-СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2017.-38 с. -(Серия препринтов; М-55/17; Центр исследований модернизации).После распада СССР реформы политического курса в различных сферах (в России и не только) главным образом осуществлялись в рамках технократической модели.Проекты преобразований разрабатывались и отчасти воплощались в жизнь теми или иными группами профессионалов на основе мандата, выдававшегося им политическим руководством, которое, в свою очередь, стремилось к монополии на принятие решений и оценку реализации проектов реформ и к «изоляции» содержания преобразований от воздействия на них со стороны общественного мнения.Работа посвящена критическому переосмыслению технократической модели политического курса в постсоветском контексте 1990-2010-х годов.Основное внимание уделено тем политическим и институциональным ограничениям, которые связаны с воздействием заинтересованных групп и с…

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Migration and integration are currently highly contentious topics in political, public and scientific arenas, and will remain so in the near future. However, many common migration-related prejudices and inefficien¬cies in the integration of the migrant population are due to the lack of sound, tested and accessible scientific research. Therefore, the study of migration – by developing basic research and by properly resourcing novel methodological approaches and interventions – will be instrumental in providing a better knowledge base for decision-makers and promoting a more informed population at large. This is the grand purpose this overview report seeks to facilitate. This report was commissioned by NordForsk in August 2016, and has been written by two senior researchers at the Migration Institute of Finland (MIF), Niko Pyrhönen and Johanna Leinonen, with supervision by MIF’s director Tuomas Martikainen. It is based on two main sources: 1) interviews with 56 Nordic experts on migration and integration conducted in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden in…

Climate change policy decisions are inescapably intertwined with future generations. Even if all carbon dioxide emissions were to be stopped today, most aspects of climate change would persist for hundreds of years, thus inevitably raising questions of intergenerational justice and sustainability. The chapter begins with a short overview of discount rate debate in climate economics, followed by the observation that discounting implicitly makes the assumption that natural capital is always substitutable with man-made capital. The chapter explains why non-substitutability matters if we are to take intergenerational justice seriously and invest aptly in mitigation. Non-substitutability simply implies that there are some forms of capital that cannot be substituted by another, and so consumption of one cannot be compensated with additional stocks of the other. The non-substitutability of critical natural capital can be defended without empirical data about preferences or the need to view the environment as a superior good, and the argument is presented through the language of keeping…

In our earlier paper [1] we presented an application case study where data from a printed collection of some 10,0000 short biographies of high school alumni was extracted and transformed into Linked Open Data, enriched by data linking to 10 external data sources, and published in a SPARQL endpoint. On top of the data service, a semantic faceted search engine and browser was developed for searching and filtering persons/biographies. This paper extends this work by showing how faceted search can be utilized as a basis for prosopographical data analysis and research: a new application is presented where various data visualization tools using Google Charts have been integrated with the SPARQL endpoint allowing the end user to filter out subsets of persons/biographies, and then to study them. In addition to providing statistical analyses of person groups, an interesting use case identified here is to compare visualizations based on different subgroups, e.g., famous people with entries in related datasets and those not included there. In this way it is possible, for example, to determine…

Worldwide population growth expectations increase the pressure to find ways to increase agro-food production in a sustainable manner, be it by increasing production capacity, cultivating currently natural areas or changing crop consumption patterns. Cereals are staple foods and the most frequently consumed are maize, wheat and rice. However, the production of these cereals may become insufficient for the growing needs. Millet and sorghum are traditional cereal crops, able to growth in adverse drought conditions, and do not need many resources to be harvested. Furthermore, they reveal very interesting nutritional profiles, including macro and micronutrients and bioactive compounds. We would like to highlight their fiber content, since fiber inadequacy is a worldwide condition and its adverse effects on health are well described. Over time, these indigenous cultures have become less popular than other cereals, due to their organoleptic and technological proprieties. However, techniques like bio-fortification, fortification, genetic improvement, fermentation, malting, and germination…

Over past decade cloud services have enabled individuals and organizations to perform different types of tasks such as online storage, email services, on-demand movies and TV shows. The cloud services has also enabled on-demand deployment of applications, at cheap cost with elastic and scalable, fault tolerant system. These cloud services are offered by cloud providers who use authentication, authorization and accounting framework based on client-server model. Though this model has been used over decades, study shows it is vulnerable to different hacks and it is also inconvenient to use for the end users. In addition, the cloud provider has total control over user data which they are able to monitor, trace, leak and even modify at their will. Thus, the user data ownership, digital identity and use of cloud services has raised privacy and security concern for the users. In this thesis, Blockchain and its applications are studied and alternative model for authentication, authorization and accounting is proposed based on Ethereum Blockchain. Furthermore, a prototype is developed which…

This work is motivated by the desire to gain a deep understanding of affective experiences of entrepreneurs and their outcomes, in theory and practice. Specifically, the aim of this dissertation is to reframe the conceptualization of passion in entrepreneurship. It does so by uncovering the functioning mechanism through which passion exerts its influence in entrepreneurship as well as by considering the dualistic nature of the passion experience in entrepreneurship. As a whole, this work is guided by a general research question: does passion play a role in the new venture emergence process and if so, how does passion influence the new venture emergence process? The thesis addresses this question through a systematic literature review and three empirical studies. The systematic literature review (Paper I) updates the current state of passion research in entrepreneurship, uncovering thereby yet unanswered questions and research gaps, and thereby informing the following papers of this dissertation. The following three papers look at determinants that influence passion (Paper II) and at…

Series of UNESCO Missions including (1) a scoping mission; (2) two factfinding missions (September and October 2015); (3) a high level technical coordination mission (December 2016); (4) a technical workshop with key stakeholders (1 March 2017); and (5) a launch and dissemination event of the EPR (12 April 2017).These missions involved cooperation between the national team based at the IED and the UNESCO review team. STRUCTURE OF THE EXTENDED REPORTThe Albania EPR Extended Report is composed of six chapters, of which the first two provide the background and context for the review in an international and comparative policy perspective.Chapters three through five discuss the evidence Chapter 1 presents an overview of the education system in Albania with a particular focus on characteristics most relevant to the three priority domains analysed in the subsequent chapters.Chapter 2 provides a concise analysis of the country's education system performance in an international perspective with a specific focus on issues of access and participation; equity and equality; educational processes…

The authors investigated primary school pupils’ experiences using an electronic portfolio in their craft education for a three year period, from the 3rd grade until the end of the 5th grade. This article emphasizes the functions and the benefits of the ePortfolio method and outlines general user experiences based on pupil interviews (N=38), which recounted user experiences from the start of subject teaching in the 3rd grade. Data-driven content analysis with a summative approach was used to analyse these interviews. The results indicate that an ePortfolio (realized through the iPad application, Book Creator) is a workable method in craft education. When the use begins during the early school years, it is experienced as a natural part of the work process. The identified key functions were collection and management of information, communication and verification of development. The experienced benefits were related to supporting the working process; activities documented by the ePortfolio appeared to operate as stimuli to memory and elicited rehearsing of concepts in a way that…

A Lagrange multiplier test for testing the parametric structure of a constant conditional correlation-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (CCC-GARCH) model is proposed. The test is based on decomposing the CCC-GARCH model multiplicatively into two components, one of which represents the null model, whereas the other one describes the misspecification. A simulation study shows that the test has good finite sample properties. We compare the test with other tests for misspecification of multivariate GARCH models. The test has high power against alternatives where the misspecification is in the GARCH parameters and is superior to other tests. The test is not greatly affected by misspecification in the conditional correlations and is therefore well suited for considering misspecification of GARCH equations.

A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the usage of agile methods in game development. A total of 23 articles were found which were analysed with the help of concept matrices. The results indicate that agile methods are used to varying degrees in game development. Agile methods lead to improved quality of games through a prototyping, playtesting, and feedback loop. Communication and ability of the team to take responsibility are also enhanced. Challenges arise from multidisciplinary teams, management issues, lack of training in agile methods, and quality of code.

Halogenated species have a significant impact on atmospheric composition, including catalytic ozone destruction and influence on HOx and NOx cycles. Halogens are also involved in marine and coastal new particle formation, a process that can ultimately affect Earth's radiation balance. However, the exact processes governing halogen chemistry and halogen new particle formation have been puzzling the community for years. One of the major difficulties in understanding these processes has been the lack of techniques able to measure inorganic halogenated radicals and stable species simultaneously both in laboratory studies and in ambient conditions. This is because previous spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods utilized could only measure one, or a few halogenated species at once, while most of the halogenated species existing in the atmosphere were likely un-measurable. Here we present new chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometric methods to measure over 20 halogenated species simultaneously at ambient pressure. These species include halogen oxides, halogen acids, nitrogen…

As disasters are affecting millions of people around the world, humanitarian supply chains are changing to identify needs and to respond to those affected. To achieve successful humanitarian operations, humanitarian supply chains need certain capabilities to anticipate the effects of a disaster, quickly mobilise the necessary resources and provide better services through these capabilities to the people in crisis. In other words, they must be resilient while scaling up quickly to meet unpredictable demands. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis is to explore the concept of scalability and understand how scalability contributes to various outcomes, such as resilience in HSCM, through three essays. The first essay is based on a systematic literature review to deepen the understanding of theoretical approaches and concepts borrowed from other research fields in humanitarian supply chain management. It is entitled ‘Borrowing Theories in Humanitarian Supply Chain Management’. The second essay is ‘Investigating Scalability for Building Supply Chain Resilience’, and the third essay is…

The article discusses Hassan Blasim’s precarious position in the Finnish literary field. Blasim is an Iraqi-born author who came as a refugee to Finland in 2004. Since then, he has become an internationally acclaimed author whose short stories, written in Arabic, have been translated into more than 20 languages, including Finnish. However, his inclusion in the Finnish literary field is questionable: while he has gained increasing recognition in the form of awards and grants, he cannot join, due to the original language of his work, either the national writers’ union for Finnish speakers or its Swedish-language counterpart. Blasim’s status as an immigrant makes him a stranger in Finland, part insider and part outsider. The article elaborates on the sociological concept of “stranger”, as explicated by Georg Simmel, in reference to writers like Blasim. It also examines the media reception of Blasim and his books in Finland. The analysed material consists of journalistic texts on Blasim as well as his books published in Finnish newspapers and magazines from 2009 to 2014, from the first…

Ecosystem services provided by urban green areas have been recognised to an increasing degree following the turn of the millennium (MEA, 2003; Gómez-Baggethun and Barton, 2013). Urban trees in particular provide urban dwellers with a variety of ecosystem services (see Chapter 4 of this volume). However, urban trees are also the source of various types of harm, nuisance and costs. These ‘bad’ aspects may be labelled as ecosystem disservices. The concept of ecosystem disservice is a recent one and there is no widely agreed definition for it. On a general level, ecosystem disservices can be defined as the functions, processes and attributes generated by the ecosystem that result in perceived or actual negative impacts on human wellbeing (Shackleton et al., 2016). Both ecosystem services and disservices are inherently anthropogenic concepts, putting emphasis on the human valuation of ecosystem properties and functions. What is perceived as beautiful and beneficial by one person may be considered ugly, useless, unpleasant or unsafe by another. For example, biodiversity-rich, semi-natural…

For China, South Sudan assays its long-standing foreign policy principles and development ideologies in Africa - the non-interference principle and the idea that economic development brings peace and security. But beyond that, it ostensibly unveils the intricacies of Beijing’s foreign policy strategies, especially the efficacy of its non-interference principle when faced with intrastate armed conflicts in Africa. In a space of three years, China’s position in the South Sudanese civil war revolved around strict adherence to its non-interference principle, urging parties in the conflict to seek political solutions, direct mediation and deployment of combat troops under the auspices of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in South Sudan. At face value, the shift from one strategy to the other suggests the absence of a coherent strategy, implying that Beijing is being opportunistic, crafting its strategies as it goes. Although it might be the case that Beijing is ‘learning on the job’, its strategy in South Sudan is not linear but rather a deliberately convoluted strategy of…

Even though the current publishing model is based on digital dissemination, it still utilizes some of the basic principles of printed culture. Recently a policy emphasis towards open access has been set for publicly funded research. This paper reports on a study of the practices, business models and values linked with scholarly publishing.Conceptual analysis was conducted, drawing on literature on scholarly publishing policies, practices, values and economies, with an emphasis on the structures and conflicts between license-based and open publishing models.Scholarly interests of sharing collide with commercial interests of generating profits. In the digital era, the scientific community might have a third economically viable alternative. This third way is based on what the authors call post-digital scholarly publishing. Science should aim at as complete openness as possible. Scholarly activities advance best when the whole scientific community has access to both publications and research data. What seems to stand in the way of scientific sharing is the global publishing industry in…

We present a stylized model of controlled equilibration of a small system in a fluctuating environment. We derive the optimal control equations steering in finite-time the system between two equilibrium states. The corresponding thermodynamic transition is optimal in the sense that it occurs at minimum entropy if the set of admissible controls is restricted by certain bounds on the time derivatives of the protocols. We apply our equations to the engineered equilibration of an optical trap considered in a recent proof of principle experiment. We also analyze an elementary model of nucleation previously considered by Landauer to discuss the thermodynamic cost of one bit of information erasure. We expect our model to be a useful benchmark for experiment design as it exhibits the same integrability properties of well-known models of optimal mass transport by a compressible velocity field.

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is dioecious with male flowers deficient in functional gynoecium and female flowers deficient in functional androecium borne on separate palms. The presence of male and female flowers on the same plant, a phenomenon known as monoecy, is unusual in male date palms. This study reports for the first time on hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers borne by two female date palms, 'Alligue', that were found growing in an open field in Degache, southern Tunisia. The observations on these two female palms were compared with hermaphrodite male date palms growing in the same location. Hermaphrodite female date palm inflorescence branches bear female flowers predominantly near their base, in contrast to the hermaphrodite flowers that are found primarily toward their upper part. The position of the hermaphrodite flowers in hermaphrodite male date palms is reversed: inflorescence branches bear male flowers toward the upper part while the hermaphrodite flowers are found at the base. Histological examination of female hermaphrodite flowers revealed that they had…

The Internet of Things is a proliferating industry, which is transforming many homes and businesses, making them smart. However, the rapid growth of these devices and the interactions between these devices, introduces many challenges including that of a secure management system for the identities and interactions of the devices. While the centralized model has worked well for many years, there is a risk of the servers becoming bottlenecks and a single point of failure, thereby making them vulnerable to Denial-of-Service attacks. As a backbone of these interactions, Blockchain is capable of creating a highly secure, independent and distributed platform. Blockchain is a peer to peer, distributed ledger system that stores all the transactions taking place within the network. The main purpose of the servers that form a part of the distributed system is to provide a consensus, using various consensus algorithms, on the state of the blockchain at any given time and to store a copy of all the transactions taking place. This thesis explores the Blockchain technology in general and…

This paper analyzes the general impact and the potentially adverse effects of the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in a telephone-interpreted police interview in Finland, which was recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed manually, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The analysis focuses on issues of mutual understanding and the organization of discursive flow from the interpreter’s perspective, using theoretical and methodological tools from conversation analysis, critical sociolinguistics, and critical discourse analysis. Examples of repair initiations and candidate understandings in the data, divided into three categories based on the degree of interpreter intervention in interaction, illustrate the interpreter’s prominent role as a coordinator of discursive flow and repairer of communication problems. However, while the ELF-speaking interpreter shows accommodation to the ELF-speaking migrant’s linguistic resources, the outcome is not necessarily beneficial to the migrant. The service provider’s command of English complicates the interaction. Thus, in dialogue…

Four species belonging to the Cortinarius puellaris group are presented, including the two new species C. biriensis, C. subpuellaris and the recently described C. puellaris. Based on type studies, it is shown that the fourth species in the group should be named C. intempestivus (=C. cristatosporus). The species co-occur and are all studied mainly from SE Norwegian calcareous Tilia forests, but at least some of them also occur in Quercus(-Carpinus) forests in temperate-mediterranean areas of C-S Europe, and are apparently widespread and much overlooked. These are all tiny, small, ochre-redbrown telamonioid cortinarii with strongly to spiny ornamented spores. Phylogenetically, the taxa are well-distinguished by 8 to 22 ITS differences. Together with two taxa only known from ectomycorrhizal ITS sequences, they constitute an apparently well-supported clade with uncertain affinity. Cortinariaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota, C. puellaris group, taxonomy, calcareous Tilia forests.

This chapter examines the contemporary revisiting and reimagining of the histories and memories of Finnish migrants in Sweden. Since 2000, a new generation of children and grandchildren of the Great Migration in the 1960s and 1970s has entered the public arena in Sweden, articulating new narratives in pop music, literature, theatre and film. While these “third-generation” Sweden Finnish artists themselves embody success stories of migration, enjoying positive publicity and the appreciation of Swedish mainstream audiences, it is argued that the new narratives are essentially stories about living with, managing and rejecting shame. To be either a cultural producer or an audience of new narratives about Sweden Finns is to engage with an affective legacy of shame, a sense of history and a repertoire of representations – and politics of pride as its rejoinder. Drawing from affect theories by Sara Ahmed and Margaret Wetherell, as well as Beverley Skeggs’ work on the production of class, this chapter investigates two novels, Svinalängorna by Susanna Alakoski (2006) and Ingenbarnsland by…

Stories are characteristic of humans. They have been embedded in our social and cultural environments in various forms throughout civilizations. Stories come naturally to us because we think in terms of stories and use them to communicate everyday events. Stories reflect the structure in which we make sense of, comprehend, and organize our experiences. Compelling stories persuade, entertain, and engage their audiences. It is therefore not surprising that marketers have become keen to capitalize on the persuasive effects of stories. Indeed, marketers frequently tell brand stories in multiple contexts with the aim to involve and persuade consumers. However, many questions on the effect of stories on consumers in commercial contexts remain. Research shows that companies can purposefully relate stories to brands to elicit positive brand responses. Stories help individuals interpret the meanings of brands and create a bond between a brand and a consumer. Brand stories are told, for instance, on packaging, in promotions, on web sites, in social media, and on price tags. While the…

Russian rulers recognized the principle that ‘good government’ nourishes its people in bad years. The paper addresses the question how the principle of paternalist ‘moral economy’ was translated into practice or more specifically, what the Russian central government did and ordered the others--manorial lords, communities--to do in this respect. It appears that throughout the period under study, the Russian rulers as well as the Baltic German nobilities made efforts to place the responsibility for the peasants’ maintenance on the shoulders of communities (i.e. local peasants). The paper discusses the results of such policy. Through references to famine experiences in Russia Proper it looks at the adequacy of official relief efforts from the point of whether these kept people from dying and starving, or failed to do so. In different socioeconomic contexts, the same policy gave different results when measured in terms of the demographic response to short-term crisis.

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten englannin kielestä lainautunutta anglismia ”about” käytetään epävirallisessa kirjoitetussa suomenkielisessä diskurssissa. Huomio kiinnittyy pääasiassa siihen, miten ”about” suhteutuu suomenkielisten lähivastineidensa ”noin” ja ”suunnilleen” käyttötapoihin: eroaako ”about” näistä kahdesta syntaktisilta ja semanttisilta ominaisuuksiltaan, ja täyttääkö se näin jonkin aukon suomen kielessä? Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös, onko ”about” muuttunut syntaktisilta funktioiltaan alkuperäisestä englanninkielisestä käyttötavastaan lainautumisen myötä. Tutkimuksen yleisempänä tavoitteena on valottaa anglismien lainautumisprosessia ja kotoutumista ottamalla yksittäinen anglismi tutkimuksen keskiöön, tarkastelemalla sitä perusteellisesti sekä syntaktisesta että semanttisesta näkökulmasta ja vertailemalla sen käyttöä etenkin sen kohdekielisiin lähivastineisiin. Tutkimusaineistona toimii suositun suomenkielisen Suomi24-internetsivuston keskustelupalstalta vuodelta 2014 kerätyt 600 viestiä, joissa sanoja ”about”, ”noin” ja ”suunnilleen” käytetään…

Lähtökohdat Koulutusryhmien ja etenkin tuloryhmien väliset sosioekonomiset erot elinajanodotteessa kasvoivat merkittävästi v. 1988–2007. Kasvu johtui pääasiassa alimman tuloviidenneksen elinajanodotteen epäsuotuisasta kehityksestä alkoholikuolleisuuden lisäännyttyä. Menetelmät Tutkimus perustuu Tilastokeskuksen väestörekisteriaineistoihin ja kattaa Suomessa v. 1996–2014 asuneet henkilöt. 25-vuotiaiden elinajanodotteet laskettiin vuosittain ja neljän vuoden jaksoissa miehille ja naisille tuloviidenneksittäin ja koulutusryhmittäin. Elinajanodotteiden erot ja muutokset sosiaaliryhmittäin analysoitiin ikäluokan ja kuolemansyyn mukaan jaksoilta 2006–09 ja 2011–14. Tulokset Ylimmän ja alimman tulo- ja koulutusryhmän elinajanodotteen erojen kasvu on pysähtynyt ja jopa kaventui hieman 2010-luvulla lukuun ottamatta naisten eroja koulutusryhmittäin. Alimman tuloviidenneksen elinajanodote lähti jälleen kasvuun 2010-luvulla, kun alkoholiperäinen, tapaturmainen ja väkivaltainen kuolleisuus väheni alimmissa sosiaaliryhmissä etenkin miehillä. Naisilla erot syöpäkuolleisuudessa ovat yhä kasvaneet.…

The present article is the second part of a snapshot of macroseismology in Finland from the 1730s to the 2000s. In the 1730s, more numerous and informative earthquake reports began to appear. The article begins with an outline of the connection between academia and macroseismology. The main focus is on the dissemination of macroseismic questionnaires and the respondents. The standard practice in Finland is to conduct macroseismic surveys remotely. Postal services were widely used to disseminate questionnaires in the areas affected by earthquakes. The newspaper press has frequently been utilized in the surveys. Since the latter half of the 1800s, telephones and telegraphs made instant communication possible. Macroseismic field surveys have sometimes been conducted after important local earthquakes to interview eyewitnesses and to disseminate questionnaires on the spot. The group of earthquake reporters that stands out throughout the centuries is the clergy. Its leading position waned only in the 1900s. Finns became more literate, acquiring their writing skills during the 1800s. The…

The present article is the first part of a snapshot of macroseismology in Finland from the 1730s to the 2000s. In the 1730s, more numerous and informative earthquake reports began to appear. Continuing up until the early 1880s, these reports were often by-products of compilations of statistics and weather conditions; afterwards, felt earthquake observations were the objective of specific macroseismic surveys. During the Swedish era until 1809, earthquake reports are attributed to the developing press, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Statistical Office. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, learned societies collected data on different natural phenomena. In the Republic of Finland since 1917, the designing and use of macroseismic questionnaires shifted to the established seismological units. The designing and dissemination of macroseismic questionnaires constitute the core of macroseismic surveys in Finland. This part focuses on the design. Seven generations of printed macroseismic questionnaires are identified. The first questionnaire in 1882 was designed by a geologist. The…

In many countries, there are differences in school performance between and within cultural minorities and the majority. For, instance, differences between the learning outcomes of immigrant-origin and Finnish-origin students are considerable, and the risk among young people of immigrant origin of becoming positioned outside education and work life is higher than that among young people of Finnish origin. The aim of this paper is to develop a holistic approach to educational inequalities by offering two theoretical viewpoints concerning cultural minorities in particular. First, we introduce the idea of the opportunity structure, which clarifies why the education system does not offer the same opportunities to all minority groups. Second, we highlight the need to understand the cultural variety of minorities when explaining differences in educational attainment. Here we make the distinctions of cultural differences (primary and secondary) and minority status (autonomous, voluntary and involuntary minorities). Finally, we discuss the question of equal educational opportunities by…

Suomen ilmanlaadun seurantaa säätelevät suurelta osin EU:n ilmanlaatua koskevat direktiivit. Ilman epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksia säädellään sitovien raja-arvojen ja tavoitearvojen avulla. Myös kansalliset ohjearvot ovat edelleen voimassa ja niitä käytetään suunnittelun tukena, mutta niiden merkitys on vähenemässä. Raja-arvoja valvoviksi asemiksi kutsutaan niitä ilmanlaadun mittausasemia, jotka täyttävät ilmanlaatudirektiivien kriteerit ja joiden pitoisuustiedot toimitetaan EU:lle. Raja-arvopitoisuuksia valvovien mittausasemien lisäksi ilmanlaatua seurataan mittausverkoissa laajalti erilaisista paikallisista tarpeista, mikä on ollut aikanaan lähtökohta useimpien ilmanlaatumittausten aloittamiselle. Ilmanlaatua seurataan ensisijaisesti hyvän ilmanlaadun turvaamiseksi paikallisille asukkaille ja ympäristölle. Ilmanlaatua mitataan lisäksi muun muassa yksittäisten päästölähteiden vaikutusten arvioimiseksi, asukkaiden valitusten vuoksi, ympäristölupaehtojen täyttämiseksi sekä jatkuvan ilmanlaadun seurannan tarvetta arvioitaessa. Tämä ohje koskee ilmanlaadun mittaamista osana ilmanlaadun…

Abstract. How can one capture emotions and embodied experiences in historical archival materials? I will approach this methodological challenge from the perspectives of folklore studies, narrative and historical research. The sources for reaching these experiences and emotions are hand-written newspapers, which were a popular tradition in Finnish student organisations and popular movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. My special interest lies in local event narratives that depict recent events in local communities: meetings, trips, social evenings and informal gatherings. According to my observations, local event narratives can express hidden tensions and slow historical processes, which are rather acted out in apparently trivial events of everyday life than formulated in ideological statements. In the analysis of local event narratives I have been inspired by the narrative methodology oriented towards “small stories”, developed by Michael Bamberg and Alexandra Georgakopoulou (2007; 2008). The focus of the research on “small stories” is on how people use…

The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of metadiscourse in English speaking opinion writing on blogs, news sites and the websites of newspapers. Metadiscourse is a theoretical framework for describing linguistic constructions used to structure or comment on the discourse of a text. How metadiscourse is used depends on the genre and the audience of the text. Previous research, much of which has been qualitative, has shown that metadiscourse is used in opinion writing partly to make the author’s viewpoint more organised and understandable, partly to appeal to the audience in a more direct manner. The aim of this study is to describe how different types of metadiscourse correlate with each other, that is, which types of metadiscourse often occur in the same text. The method used is Multi-Dimensional Analysis, a corpus-driven quantitative method based on Factor Analysis. The data used is a collection of blogposts and opinion articles; the corpus of 285,000 words has been annotated with 13 metadiscourse marker categories. The Multi-dimensional analysis yields four statistically…

This article analyzes the Ottoman famines of the 1870s – that killed tens of thousands of people in Anatolia due to starvation and disease – from a global comparative perspective. It focuses on two famines in particular that struck the central and eastern provinces of the empire in 1873-75 and 1879-1881 (just following the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-78), respectively. They were triggered by climatic causes, yet their devastating effects were also a product of the global and domestic economic and political environment of the decade. Local, imperial and global man-made reasons exacerbated the severe impacts of nature and climate. The article addresses these famines as significant traumatic disasters, the memories of which were overshadowed by later catastrophic events in Ottoman history and historiography, and which have been almost invisible in European and global famine historiography of the nineteenth century. It summarizes the political-economic environment of the decade, attempts to investigate Ottoman famines in a global historical context and outline a comparative research…

This article provides an interim report, and gazetteer, on the enumeration and categorisation of memorials to Finland’s Great Famine Years, an element of the Academy of Finland’s 2012-17 project, “‘The Terrible Visitation’: Famine in Finland and Ireland ca. 1845-68 – Transnational, Comparative and Long-Term Perspectives”. To outside observers, it can sometimes seen as though Finland’s famine of the 1860s has been “forgotten”, particularly in comparison with catastrophes in Ireland (1845-51) and Ukraine (1932-3). In the latter cases, political circumstances have influenced historic narratives, and placed the Great Famines at the centre of a national narrative that emphasises the baleful role of an external other. In Finland, which was responsible for its own economic and political administration by the 1860s, commemoration has been more local in focus. The memorials nevertheless highlight the existence of an idealised national autostereotype, which stresses stoicism and forbearance, along with a persistent belief that the nation could be crystallised by shared suffering.

This thesis strives to familiarize the ideas behind the success of patch-based image representations in image processing applications in recent years. Furthermore we show how to restore images using the idea of patch-based dictionary learning and the k-means clustering algorithm. In chapter 1 we introduce the notion of patch-based image processing and take a look at why dictionary learning using sparsity is a hot topic and useful in processing natural images. The second chapter aims to formulate the different methods and approaches used in this thesis mathematically. Dictionary learning, the k-means algorithm and the Structural similarity index (SSIM) are in the main focus. Chapter 3 goes into the details of the experiments. We present and discuss the results as well. The fourth and final chapter summarizes the main ideas of the thesis and introduces development suggestions for further investigation based on the methods used. Using a fairly simplistic patch-based image processing method we manage to reconstruct images from a set of similar images to a reasonable extent. As the main…

This is an explorative case study on the transformations of the hegemonic self and the subaltern other in the spaces of Israel’s globalising economy. Inspired by the works of Saskia Sassen, the thesis is based on a premise that the modern binary categories of difference may transform in the spaces of global, destabilising the hegemonic state. To study this possibility, thesis collects individual imaginaries of difference from Israel where the state has started to integrate the Palestinians of Israel into the centre of Israel’s start-up economy and the key operations of global capital. The thesis deploys an innovative research design that approaches difference as imaginary, made in the living interaction of materialities, myths and creative sense-making. The data of the study consists of individual narrations of difference, collected from Israeli-Palestinian entrepreneurs and Jewish public officials who work together at the entrepreneurial spaces in Israel. The findings of the thesis demonstrate that the Palestinians of Israel who are included into the entrepreneurial space, seek to…

JOHDANTO. Kehitettäessä hoidon vaikuttavuusmittaria voidaan joko tehdä uusi tai validoida aiemmin julkaistu mittari. Tutkimuksessamme validoitiin Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 suomeksi. \n \nMENETELMÄT. SNOT-22 sisältää kysymyksiä, joihin vastataan asteikolla 0 - 5 (0 = ei ongelmia - 5 = pahin mahdollinen), ja suuri pistesumma korreloi huonompaan elämänlaatuun. Tutkimuksessamme oli kolme ryhmää: 96 poliklinikkapotilasta (B-uusintakysely kahden viikon kuluttua), 49 poskionteloiden tähystyskirurgia- eli FESS-potilasta (B-kysely kolmen kuukauden kuluttua) ja 79 tervettä verrokkia. Lisäksi potilaat arvioivat oireitaan ja vointiaan kokonaisuutena verrattuna edelliseen vastauskertaan. \n \nTULOKSET. Poliklinikkapotilaiden keskimääräinen SNOT-22-pistemäärä oli 35,3. Leikkauspotilaiden vastaava pistemäärä oli 46,8 ennen leikkausta ja 21,9 leikkauksen jälkeen. Terveiden verrokeiden pistemäärä oli 8,9. A- ja B-vastausten erotusta verrattiin kokonaisarvioon, ja tällöin Spearmanin korrelaatiokertoimet olivat poliklinikkapotilailla 0,583 ja FESS-potilailla 0,550. \n \nPÄÄTELMÄT. Suomenkielinen…

Tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään Suomessa asuvien shiia- ja sunnimuslimien välisiä suhteita. Aihetta tarkastellaan kolmesta näkökulmasta. Ensinnäkin työssä tarkastellaan, millä tavoin shiialaisuuden ja sunnalaisuuden politisoituminen Lähi-idässä ja sen ympärysmaissa voisi vaikuttaa Suomen muslimien välisiin suhteisiin. Toiseksi tutkitaan, millä tavoin muslimit suhtautuvat shiialaisuuden ja sunnalaisuuden välisiin uskonnollisiin eroihin sekä islamin sisäiseen monimuotoisuuteen. Kolmanneksi tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, millä tavoin suomalaisessa uskontopolitiikassa huomioidaan shiialaisuuden ja sunnalaisuuden väliset erot sekä muslimiyhteisöjen heterogeenisyys. Tutkielma on tapaustutkimus, jossa sovelletaan grounded theory -menetelmää. Pääasiallinen tutkimusaineisto koostuu 12 suomalaisen muslimin puolistrukturoidusta haastattelusta. Lisäksi työssä tukeudutaan analyysia syventävään lisäaineistoon, kuten kyselyihin, viranomaisasiakirjoihin sekä erilaisiin mediateksteihin. Aineistosta tehtyjä havaintoja keskustelutetaan aiemman kirjallisuuden sekä medialähteiden kanssa. Työn teoreettinen…

Study of Old Babylonian Sumerian proverbs that speak on authority and how those same proverbs may subtly (or not quite so subtly) rebuke the king and established institutions of power.

Statins have also anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. According to literature, during the years 1999-2017 the research on atorvastatin with liquid chromatography has increased to 481 papers. However, atorvastatin studies with gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis has both been reported in 15 papers during 2006-2017. The present paper compiles the most recent studies of these studies on atorvastatin made with chromatographic and electro aided separation techniques.

Swedish is a pluricentric language and has official status in both Sweden and Finland. Until recently, most studies on such languages have focused on differences and similarities in grammar and lexicon, but less on pragmatic variation. We suggest that a pragmatic perspective aids in understanding the relationship between national varieties, and in this study, we investigate greetings in Sweden Swedish and Finland Swedish. Previous comparisons of the two varieties suggest that Sweden Swedish is less formal than Finland Swedish, and in this article we problematize the concept of formality, and discuss whether formality may explain any differences in the use of greetings. We use three datasets from Finland and Sweden respectively: video recorded service encounters from box offices and information desks, recorded focus groups as well as experiments. Combined, the data suggest that the Finland Swedish greeting repertoire is larger than the Sweden Swedish one, and that Finland Swedes therefore are more sensitive to social distance than Sweden Swedes. At the same time, the study highlights…

Citizenship ceremonies have been practiced for at least a century in the United States. This article explores what citizenship ceremonies – the rituals created to ‘make’ new citizens – can tell us about understandings of citizenship and the nation. Focusing on the case of the US, the paper asks who is being held up as the welcomed citizen and who is excluded in these public events. What does it mean to ‘welcome’ a new citizen and how are migration and national history imagined in these events? These questions become increasingly urgent in the context of securitization and given current debates about the withdrawal of citizenship from suspected ‘extremists’.

In the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) project, financially supported by EUMETSAT, the 34-year long (1982-2015) broadband albedo time series CLARA-A2 SAL (the Surface ALbedo from the CM SAF cLoud, Albedo and RAdiation data record, second version) was produced from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) measurements. CLARA-A2 SAL data record uses a Simplified Method for Atmospheric Correction algorithm SMAC for correcting for atmospheric effects. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is the main input of the algorithm. Because there were no global AOD time series for the whole needed time period (1982-2015), the AOD-related time series were constructed, and the method for calculating it is described in this report.

This paper investigates the effects of a Finnish unemployment insurance reform that took place in 2017. The potential duration of earnings-related unemployment benefit was cut by 100 days. We use the microsimulation method to calculate both static and dynamic ex-ante effects on employment, public sector finances and income distribution. According to the static scenario, income inequality increases slightly. However, accounting for the behavioral response mitigates the effect on inequality. Respectively, the positive effect on public finances is amplified.

Spatial and Embodied Aspects of Interpreted Interaction in Court – Abstract This article investigates spatial and embodied aspects of face-to-face interaction in court interpreting and discusses the implications of spatial and seating arrangements for interpreter-mediated communication in the courtroom. In addition, it challenges the public belief that interpreting is a solely verbal phenomenon. The data analyzed is video data from a district court criminal hearing in Finland. The article first analyzes the physical surroundings of the interaction space. It then focuses on bodily resources of interaction such as gaze, gestures and head movements as displayed in interaction fragments. The fragments include examples from consecutive as well as whispered interpreting. Finally, the article makes the claim that interpreting is essentially an embodied form of interaction, since the findings provide strong evidence that visibility and audibility play an important role in various phases of the interpreted hearing. Additionally, the article questions the requirements of the standard ISO…

Puberty is a process of physiological changes, through which an immature individual becomes sexually mature. In humans, timing of puberty is highly variable within and between sexes and populations. Timing of puberty represents a complex trait, which is controlled both genetically and environmentally. Precocious pubertal timing is associated with development of metabolic diseases later in life, such as obesity and diabetes, and other disorders as ovarian and testicular cancer. Despite the estimated high heritability (50-80%) of pubertal timing, its genetic background is still poorly understood. Recently, the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) revealed many novel pubertal timing associated loci. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms behind these associations remain elusive. This thesis focused on gene vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3), which is associated with pubertal timing in humans and maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Since the main physical structures, such as the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, needed in reaching puberty are evolutionary conserved and…

In the 1970s, historical documentarists Olle Häger and Hans Villius at the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation made both a documentary and a dramatic television production about the famine years of the 1860s. The productions indicate that a class perspective dominated popular culture at the time. Yet, not least the documentary (“Ett satans år,” [One Year of Satan] 1977) is evidence of how media producers sought to communicate seriously about famine in the past, at the same time relating to contemporary issues

In Finland, the spent nuclear fuel will be deposited at a depth of 400 m in the granitic bedrock. The disposal is based on KBS-3 concept, which relies on the multi-barrier principle, where different successive barriers prevent the migration of radionuclides to biosphere. The spent nuclear fuel is placed in the disposal tunnels in copper-iron canisters, which are surrounded by bentonite clay to insulate them from the groundwater flow and protect from the movements of the bedrock. Bentonite clay consists mainly of montmorillonite, which like the other aluminosilicates are known to retain radionuclides thus, contributing to the retention or immobilization of them. Besides the contribution to the multi-barrier system, the bentonite buffer is assumed to be a potential source of colloids due to the erosion of bentonite in certain conditions. Colloids in the context of radionuclide migration are nanoparticles in the size range from 1 to 1000 nm that remain suspended in water. The montmorillonite colloids could potentially act as carriers for otherwise immobile radionuclides like…

The politics of value creation outlined in this dissertation challenges core assumptions of current value creation literature and particularly its service-dominant logic branch. Politics of value creation illustrates the weight that people individually and collectively give to an object or an issue; the social construction of meaning and valuation, its conventions and institutions; the authority afforded through these, and the struggle between different groups to maintain and change the above. This study engages current theory with an alternative conceptual framework and an unorthodox empirical setting. Sociological theories of collective action and strategic action fields are in conceptual dialogue with value-creating actors, their relationships and interaction, practices and outcomes. The collective–conflictual value creation theory developed in this study acknowledges systems of domination and skewedness of power in value creating contexts. The approach builds on the bearing that dominant ideologies are a product of a particular social order and interests that result in a…

Sharing Economy is a growing market and it contains many types of companies. Ridesourcing companies are platform-based companies, which provide an intermediator service connecting the drivers and the passengers. However, some scholars, governments and local taxi unions do not totally agree with this definition and claim that ridesourcing companies are de facto also providing the underlying transport service. The most famous ridesourcing company Uber was founded in the United States in 2009 and it expanded to Europe in 2011. Several other companies have followed in Uber’s steps, but the definition of the nature of their operations has not yet been clarified on the European Union level. Many Member States have banned the operations of ridesourcing companies and there is legislation regarding them for example in France. Some Member States, however, determine ridesourcing companies as digital services and allow their operations. Due to the unclear situation, three preliminary ruling requests have been submitted to the European Court of Justice regarding the definition of Uber. The…

Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin lääkekorvausjärjestelmien lääkkeiden saatavuuteen vaikuttavia piirteitä, erityisesti korvattavuuden ehtoja, disinsentiivejä, korvattavaa valikoimaa ja universalismia, suhteessa lääkeomavastuiden jakautumiseen ja hoitojen käyttämättä jättämiseen kustannussyistä. Aineistoina käytettiin tuote- ja hinnastotietoja, kulutustutkimusaineistoa, postikyselyaineistoa ja apteekkien ostorekistereitä. Yhtäläisyydet liittyivät universalismiin ja korvattavuuden ehtoihin. Korvauksia kohdennettiin molemmissa maissa tarpeeseen liittyvillä mekanismeilla, omavastuukaton avulla sekä korvattavuusrajoituksilla. Erot liittyivät valikoimaan ja disinsentiiveihin. Suomessa korvattiin enemmän hoidollisesti toisiaan lähellä olevia vaihtoehtoja ja uusien lääke­innovaatioiden määrä markkinoilla oli laajempi, mutta omavastuutaso korkeampi. Uudessa-Seelannissa kokonaan korvattavia lääkkeitä oli saatavissa useimpiin terveysongelmiin. Korvattava valikoima oli kuitenkin kontrolloidumpi ja sisälsi enemmän vanhempia lääkkeitä. Suomessa omavastuilla oli regressiivisiä vaikutuksia. Pienemmät…

Pienillä yrityksillä kehittyvissä maissa on kipeä tarve tuoteinnovaatioille sekä toimintatapojen uudistamiselle selviytyäkseen muuttuvassa globaalissa kilpailussa. Globalisaatio ja kilpailun kiristyminen eivät ole ainoat haasteet, uudet laillisuusvaatimukset edellyttävät myös sopeutumista ja uudistumista. Tämä opinnäytetyö tarkastelee puuhuonekalujen arvoketjua Indonesian Jeparasta EU:n markkinoille. Tutkimuksessa hahmotetaan syvähaastattelujen kautta tuotteiden arvoketjua metsästä valmiiksi tuotteeksi. Myös arvoketjuun vaikuttavat sidosryhmät ja politiikka, kuten EU:n puutavara-asetus (EUTR) ja Indonesian kansallinen puutavaran laillisuusjärjestelmä (SVLK) on huomioitu. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on paikallistaa arvoketjun heikkoudet ja vahvuudet sekä löytää keinoja sopeutua muuttuvaan toimintaympäristöön tai kasvattaa kilpailukykyä. Tutkimus toi esille useita kehityskohteita ja suosituksia. Tutkimus tukee myös käsitystä siitä, että kansainvälinen metsäpolitiikka vaikuttaa tarkasteltuun arvoketjuun.

Tämä Pro Gradu-tutkielma tarkastelee ekstraktivismin ja Bolivialaisen vaihtoehdon kehitykselle välistä suhdetta Bolivian Salar de Uyunissa tapahtuvan litiumtuotannon kautta. Viimeisten kymmenen vuoden aikana presidentti Evo Moralesin hallinto on tuonut konseptin Vivir Bien, elää hyvin, Bolivian valtion virallisiin strategioihin ja korvannut sillä ainakin osittain ‘kehityksen’ käsitteen. Vivir Bien perustuu alkuperäiskansojen kosmologioihin, joissa sosiaalinen oikeudenmukaisuus, yhteisöllisyys ja luonnon ja ihmisen välinen yhteys ovat prioriteetteja eikä luontoa pitäisi redusoida taloudellisiksi resursseiksi, mutta käytännössä Bolivian taloudellinen riippuvaisuus luonnonvarojen käytöstä on vain pahentunut tänä aikana. Bolivian litiumvarannot ovat laajat, ja litiumilla on kasvavat markkinat. Sen käyttötarkoitukset liittyvät mm. hiiliperäisten energialähteiden korvaaviin ekologisesti kestävämpiin vaihtoehtoihin. Mutta litiumin tuottaminen vaatii teknistä osaamista, ja näin ollen sen teollistaminen verrattain köyhässä ja matalan koulutustason maassa on haastavaa. Tämän tutkielman…

Tässä tutkielmassa perehdytään Helsingin eri kaupunginosien Facebook-ryhmiin.Tutkimuskohteena on selvittää millaista yhteisyyttä asukkaiden välisissä keskusteluissa esiintyy. Näiden kaupunginosaryhmien keskusteluista pyritään löytämään asuinalueiden välillä laadullisia eroja sekä tutkimaan sosiaalisen kontrollin määrää suhteessa koheesioon kvantitatiivisen tarkastelun avulla. Tarkoituksena on löytää johdonmukaisia eroja, jotka voidaan yhdistää asuinalueen ominaisuuksiin. Tutkimuksen taustalla on teoria yhteispystyvyydestä siinä muodossa kuin Robert J. Sampson on sitä tutkimuksissaan käyttänyt. Yhteispystyvyys perustuu luottamukselle, joka on edellytys sosiaaliselle koheesiolle. Sosiaalinen koheesio ja luottamus mahdollistavat sen, että asukkaat yhteisönä kontrolloivat asuinalueensa häiriötekijöitä. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään kaupunginosaryhmien yleisen kuvauksen lisäksi siihen, miten yhteispystyvyys ilmenee asukkaiden Facebook-keskusteluissa. Kvalitatiivista ja kvantitatiivista metodologiaa yhdistävää tutkimusta kutsutaan mixed methods –menetelmäksi. Tämä tutkimus etenee…

Tutkielman aiheena on kielipesätoiminnan merkitys koltansaamen kielen ja kulttuurin revitalisaatiolle ja kielipesien toimintaympäristö kielipesän, saamelaisyhteisön ja suomalaisen yhteiskunnan tasolla. Tutkimus on ensimmäinen koltansaamen kielipesän toimintaa etnografisesti tarkasteleva tutkimus. Tapausesimerkkinä käytetään Ivalon koltansaamen kielipesää Pe ́sseriä. Kielipesällä tarkoitetaan kielikylpypäivähoitotoimintaa, jossa tarkoituksena on elvyttää alkuperäiskansan uhanalaista kieltä ja kulttuuria päivittäisten hoitotoimenpiteiden ja heidän kulttuuriinsa pohjautuvien toimintojen avulla ns. täydellisessä kieliympäristössä. Metodeina käytettiin etnografista tutkimusta, haastatteluja ja diskurssianalyysia yhdistettynä autoetnografiseen refleksiivisyyteen ja alkuperäiskansatutkimukseen. Kielipesän toimintaa ja merkitystä tarkasteltiin kielen oppimisen ja revitalisaation sekä sosialisaation kautta postmodernin identiteetin viitekehyksessä. Aineiston perusteella voidaan sanoa, että kielipesän lapset tutustuvat saamelaiseen kulttuuriin ja saavat kielellisiä valmiuksia kielipesässä.…

Transportation in cities is facing the challenges of congestion and environmental impact caused by the increase in traffic flows. These issues can be reduced by promoting more sustainable transport modes, such as cycling. To increase its modal share, cycling has to be an attractive and competitive choice compared to other travel modes. Digital Geography Lab in University of Helsinki has developed comparable measures for modelling accessibility with different travel modes in Helsinki region. However, cycling is missing from the data because it has been previously modelled with simplistic assumptions of constant travel speed. Little research has been carried out to assess the applicability of this assumption. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a more realistic GIS model for calculating optimal routes and travel times of cycling in Helsinki region taking into account the feasibility of the model. Other objectives are to find out what factors affect cyclists' travel speed and can the environmental factors be used as impedances in the travel time model, what kind of spatial…

Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia humoristisia, nörtti-aiheisia internetmeemejä. Tutkielma pyrkii selvittämään millaisia teemoja näissä meemeissä käsitellään, miten löydetyt teemat hyödyntävät erilaisia huumoristrategioita, ja mitä huumorilla lopulta saavutetaan. Tutkielma käyttää teoreettisena kehyksenään sekä meemitutkimusta että huumoritutkimuksen ylemmyysteoriaa. Tutkielma on laadullinen ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään temaattista sisällönanalyysia. Aineisto koostuu 300:sta internetin kuvapalvelinsivustolta kerätystä meemistä. Aineisto luokitellaan kymmeneen siinä yleisimmin esiintyvään teemaan, jotka muodostavat neljä laajempaa ryhmää. Nämä ryhmät ilmentävät erilaisia huumoristrategioita. Neljä laajempaa ryhmää ovat nörtit luusereina, nörtit ylempiarvoisina, naispuoliset nörtit, ja nörttirepresentaatio. Kolme ensimmäistä muodostavat tutkielman käsittelyluvut. Nörttien luuseriutta esitetään epähaluttavan ulkomuodon, intensiivisten harrastusten ja epäonnistuneiden ihmissuhteiden, sekä vale-nörttiyden kautta. Nörttien ylemmyyttä esitetään älykkyydellä, ylpeydellä sekä…

This Master’s thesis explores sport-for-inclusion programmes in the Helsinki capital region, a subject area which has been lacking critical investigation in Finland. The purpose of this study is to give an overview how these programmes are managed and delivered, as well as presenting possible improvements to the current system. There will be an analysis of the role which local NGOs play in the provision of such activities, alongside a discussion of how local authority and governmental actors are trying to promote work in the sector. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a discord between the various players involved in the delivery of these services, and that there is room for the existing strategy behind these programmes to be improved. International research has taken influence from the work of Pierre Bourdieu and his theory of social capital, which is thought to be generated through participation in inclusionary sports activities. Academics, including Fred Coalter and Ramon Spaaij, have paved the way for future researchers to take a critical approach to the study of these…

Neoproterotsooisella aikakaudella (1.0Ga – 540Ma) maapallon ilmastoa sävyttivät useat globaalit jääkaudet ja niiden väliset lämpimät vaiheet. Ilmastonvaihtelut voidaan havaita 13C isotoopin rekordissa, jossa näkyy voimakkaat negatiiviset hiilen ekskursiot. Negatiiviset piikit indikoivat lumipallomaajääkausia, jolloin maapallo on ollut myös päiväntasaajan alueella jään peitossa. Samoihin aikoihin maapallolla tapahtui supermantereiden erkanemisia ja uudelleenryhmittymisiä, jotka johtivat Mosambikin meren aukeamiseen. Itä-Afrikan orogenian aikana 650 – 620 Ma sitten Mosambikin meri sulkeutui. Etelä-Kenian Taita Hills kuuluu Mosambikin vyöhykkeeseen, jonka sen osa-alue jakautuu Kurase ja Kasigau ryhmiin, joissa on erilaiset metasedimentoituneet kivilajit kuvaten sedimentoitumis-ympäristöä. Kurase ryhmän arvellaan olevan mannerjalustan sekvenssi ja Kasigau mannerrinnettä. Kurase ryhmän geologiaan kuuluu lukuisat sedimenttikarbonaatti-kivikerrostumat, jotka Horkel et al. (1979) kartoittaman kivilajikartan perusteella toimivat tämän tutkimuksen pohjana. MP-AES analyysillä kerätyistä…

Vaikka kasvisten ja vaihtoehtoisten proteiinilähteiden arvellaan vähentävän lihatuotteiden suosiota, kasvava lihan kulutus ei näytä saavuttaneen lakipistettään. Terveysongelmien lisäksi korkea lihakulutustaso nähdään biodiversiteettiä heikentävänä ja kasvihuonekaasuja tuottavana ympäristön rasittajana. Kulutuksessa tapahtuviin muutoksiin ja muutosten aiheuttamiin vaikutuksiin ei voida reagoida tehokkaasti ellei kulutukseen vaikuttavia taustatekijöitä tunneta. Tässä tutkimuksessa lihan kysyntää, ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä analysoitiin ekonometristen menetelmien avulla. Lihatuotteet jaoteltiin ryhmiin (nauta ja lammas, sianliha, siipikarjanliha, prosessoitu liha, muut lihatuotteet) ja aineistona käytettiin Tilastokeskuksen kulutustutkimus-aineistoja vuosilta 1998, 2006 ja 2012. Tutkielman päätuotoksena ovat kysynnän hinta- ja menojoustot, jotka estimoitiin sensoroidun lineaarisen moniyhtälömallin (LA-AIDS) avulla. Joustot kertovat kuinka herkkiä eri lihatuotteet ovat hintavaihteluille ja paljastavat ryhmien välisiä tulo- ja substituutiovaikutuksia. Lisäksi tutkimustulokset…

Lähtökohdat Opioidiriippuvuuden lääkkeellisestä vieroitus- ja korvaushoidosta ei ole kattavaa rekisteritietoa. Tämän poikkileikkausselvityksen tavoitteena oli saada vuoden 2015 tilanteesta vertailukelpoinen kokonaiskuva vuonna 2011 tehtyyn selvitykseen nähden. Menetelmät Opioidiriippuvuuden lääkkeellistä vieroitus- tai korvaushoitoa toteuttavilta yksiköiltä kerättiin summatiedot lomakekyselyllä 30.11.2015. Tulokset Hoidossa oli tutkimusajankohtana 3 329 potilasta, heistä 3 293 korvaushoidossa. Kokonaismäärä oli kasvanut 36 % vuodesta 2011. Lääkehoitomuotojen jakauma oli lähes sama: buprenorfiini-naloksoniyhdistelmävalmiste 62 %, metadoni 37 % ja pelkkä buprenorfiini 2 %. Potilaista oli kuntouttavassa korvaushoidossa 64 % ja haittoja vähentävässä 28 %. Apteekkisopimuksella lääkkeensä haki 7 %. Suurin osa potilaista hoidettiin päihdehuollon erityispalveluissa. Päätelmät Opioidikorvaushoidossa olevien potilaiden määrä on jatkanut kasvuaan. Arviot opioidien ongelmakäyttäjien suuresta määrästä suhteessa korvaushoidossa olevien potilaiden määrään ilmentävät ehkä korvaushoidon…

Gender diversity in the workforce describes the equal representation of men and women in terms of ratio. Raising importance of the concept due to changing societal norms has allowed researchers to explore the mostly positive effect gender diversity, especially in leadership level, has on a company’s performance. Despite all the benefits, women in the forest-based sector are still underrepresented. This study aims to understand the underlying reasons for female underrepresentation in the forestry sector and to identify solutions to improve the situation. The study explored the barriers and enablers that hindered or supported female career development in the forestry industry and investigated possible solutions in light of sector’s future goals. In-depth elite interviewing was selected as the method of data collection. Ten interviews with senior level female leaders of seven forestry companies in Finland and Sweden were conducted face-to-face or over the phone. The qualitative content analysis of data identified most common barriers faced by women in their careers: a) discrimination,…

Tämä tutkielma on käännösgradu, jossa käsittelen konkretisoivia käännösratkaisuja englanninkielisen Kit ’n’ Kate -lastenohjelman suomenkielisessä käännöksessä Killi ja Kiki, jonka olen tehnyt aitona toimeksiantona. Konkretisaatio-sanaa käytän tässä tutkielmassa kuvaamaan käännösstrategiaa, jolla audiovisuaalisen tekstin verbaalisen ja visuaalisen osan yhteyttä vahvistetaan esimerkiksi tarkentamalla lähdetekstin epäsuoria viittauksia. Tutkielmassa selvitän, millä eri tavoin ja mistä syistä konkretisaatiota voi toteuttaa dubbauskääntämisessä ja mitkä ovat kyseisen käännösstrategian edut ja ongelmat. Tutkielman aineistona on viisi Kit ’n’ Kate -ohjelman viisiminuuttista jaksoa sekä niistä tekemäni käännökset, jotka on esitetty YLE TV2 -kanavalla syksyllä 2016 ja keväällä 2017. Käsittelen tekemiäni konkretisoivia käännösratkaisuja nojaten muun muassa Baumgartenin visuaalis-verbaaliseen koheesioon, Klaudyn spesifikaatio-käsitteeseen sekä Séguinot’n eksplisitaatio-jaotteluun. Kolme useimmin käyttämääni konkretisoivaa käännösratkaisua ovat pronominien ja adverbiaalien korvaaminen…