The 100 most-cited articles in Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja, 2020

This study for the European Commission focuses on due diligence requirements to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for abuses of human rights, including the rights of the child and fundamental freedoms, serious bodily injury or health risks, environmental damage, including with respect to climate.It was conducted by the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (lead), Civic Consulting and LSE Consulting.Through desk research, country analyses, interviews and surveys it identifies Market Practices (Task 1) and perceptions regarding regulatory options.The Regulatory Review (Task 2), including twelve Country Reports, shows that UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights' standard of due diligence is increasingly being introduced into legal standards or proposed in Member States.The Problem Analysis, policy background and intervention logic concludes with the definition of four options for regulatory proposals (Task 3): No change (Option 1), new voluntary guidelines (Option 2), new reporting requirements (Option 3) and mandatory due diligence as a legal…

Pre-service teacher education (PTE) is vital because adequately-prepared teachers positively add to student performance, school effectiveness, and the efficiency of an entire system of education in a country. This study aimed to examine the current pre-service teacher education (PTE) practices in Turkey by identifying the significant factors of pre-service teacher education to provide suggestions for the improvement of PTE. Therefore, the findings of this study will provide a reasonable basis for strengthening the quality of pre-service teacher education, which will, in turn, contribute positively to the quality of teachers. The present study is designed to examine Turkish secondary school teachers' perceptions of their preparation for the teaching profession. The sample of this study was selected by random cluster sampling as 800 teachers from 14 different cities located in seven geographical regions - two cities in each region.

The expression of knowledge in language (i.e. epistemicity) consists of a number of distinct notions and proposed categories that are only partly related to a well explored forms like epistemic modals. The aim of the volume is therefore to contribute to the ongoing exploration of epistemic marking systems in lesser-documented languages from the Americas, Papua New Guinea, and Central Asia from the perspective of language description and cross-linguistic comparison. As the title of the volume suggests, part of this exploration consists of situating already established notions (such as evidentiality) with the diversity of systems found in individual languages. Epistemic forms that feature in the present volume include ones that signal how speakers claim knowledge based on perceptual-cognitive access (evidentials); the speaker’s involvement as a basis for claiming epistemic authority (egophorics); the distribution of knowledge between the speech-participants where the speaker signals assumptions about the addressee’s knowledge of an event as either shared, or non-shared with the…

Climate emotionsClimate grief: How we mourn a changing planet Climate grief comes in many forms.There is the bereavement-like grief and trauma when a climate change -enhanced "natural disaster" hits you or your close ones.Think of people in the Amazon area or Australia suffering from the fires.Then there is transitional grief: a growing awareness that things are changing, and feelings of grief and sadness because of the many losses involved.The range of things (and creatures) that people mourn for is wide: loss of human, animal and plant life, but also loss of identities, beliefs, and lifestyles.Many people use the term "climate grief" to refer to a wide grief and anxiety related to the overall effects of climate change.Often the lines between climate change and other major ecological catastrophes become blurred, which is understandable, since climate change has an effect on so many other problems.Climate grief becomes a description of a general "ecological grief" or "ecoanxiety".

In current era, the agro-waste production is tremendously increasing which strongly influences the stability of the ecosystem and ultimately the human health. Onion is among one of the most commonly consumed vegetables worldwide, but its peel is generally regarded as waste, which is rich in various phytonutrients. Wheat bread is consumed as a staple food by large number of populations hence this study was aimed at improving the nutritional quality of bread by supplementing it with onion peel extract (OPE) and onion powder (OP). A control bread was synthesized using standard formulation while breads supplemented with OPE and OP were prepared by substituting wheat flour with OPE and OP at 1%, 3% and 5%, 7% respectively. Proximate analysis of five types of bread (A, B, C, D, E) presented that addition of onion peel extract significantly (p <0.05) improved the moisture content (21.06-21.79%) of breads while incorporation of onion powder brought significant improvement in fiber (0.24-0.32%), protein (9.80-10.35%) and ash content (1.55-1.94%). Sensory analysis of the breads was done by a…

This report reflects upon the concept of social innovation and the way it is used in the energy sector. It does so by bringing together theoretical investigations and empirical knowledge. We aim to clarify the concept of social innovation in the energy sector by reviewing the literature and reflecting over a number of social innovation projects in Europe. The analysis of the projects against various contextual factors and their goals reveals the significant potential of social innovation on accelerating the energy transition while tackling societal problems. Energy production, energy efficiency and energy literacy are the main domains to which socially innovative activities contribute the most. High competences of project leadership and management observed though projects are often small in scale and context-dependent. This indicates that successful socially innovative energy initiatives require advanced bottom-up governance structures even if that may imply limitations for scaling up. This setting may complicate top-down support as legal, financial or even cultural policy-making…

Poker is a game of skill and chance involving economic decision-making under uncertainty. It is also a complex but well-defined real-world environment with a clear rule-structure. As such, poker has strong potential as a model system for studying high-stakes, high-risk expert performance. Poker has been increasingly used as a tool to study decision-making and learning, as well as emotion self-regulation. In this review, we discuss how these studies have begun to inform us about the interaction between emotions and technical skill, and how expertise develops and depends on these two factors. Expertise in poker critically requires both mastery of the technical aspects of the game, and proficiency in emotion regulation; poker thus offers a good environment for studying these skills in controlled experimental settings of high external validity.We conclude by suggesting ideas for future research on expertise, with new insights provided by poker.

Mikropalveluarkkitehtuurista on viime vuosina tullut yksi suosituimmista ohjelmistokehitykses- sä käytettävistä arkkitehtuurityyleistä. Mikropalveluarkkitehtuuri ei määrittele kokonaan uut- ta, itsenäistä arkkitehtuurityyliä, vaan se määrittelee tietyn tavan toteuttaa palvelukeskeistä arkkitehtuuria. Mikropalveluarkkitehtuuri yhdessä automatisoidun ohjelmistokehitysprosessin kanssa mahdollistaa organisaatioille ketterän ja nopean tavan julkaista uusia ominaisuuksia sekä parannuksia sovelluksiinsa. Perinteisessä ohjelmistokehitysarkkitehtuurissa sovellukset koostuvat usein yhdestä suoritetta- vasta ohjelmasta, jota voidaan kutsua monoliitiksi. Mikropalveluarkkitehtuuri nähdään yleen- sä vaihtoehtoiseksi tavaksi toteuttaa sovelluksia perinteiseen tapaan verrattuna. Monoliittisten ohjelmistojen ajatellaan olevan vaikeasti kehitettäviä ja ylläpidettäviä, skaalautuvuudeltaan rajoittuneita, aiheuttavan pidempiä tuotantokatkoksia sekä johtavan teknologisiin riippuvuuk- siin. Mikropalveluarkkitehtuuri saattaa ratkaista joitain monoliittisten ohjelmistojen yleisiä on- gelmia, mutta…

This policy paper explores how diverse modes of differentiation occur in regions beyond Europe. From the perspective of comparative regionalism, the paper examines how the practice of differentiation facilitates flexibility and accommodates diversity in regional cooperation processes in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Examining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern Common Market (Mercado Común del Sur, MERCOSUR), the paper analyses how differentiation is applied and how it ties in with primarily trade integration. Specifically, the paper assesses whether differentiation leads to centrifugal or centripetal dynamics, and it examines the impact of differentiation on internal as well as external cooperation. After comparing the three cases, the paper draws policy recommendations for the EU.

Automatic readability assessment is considered as a challenging task in NLP due to its high degree of subjectivity. The majority prior work in assessing readability has focused on identifying the level of education necessary for comprehension without the consideration of text quality, i.e., how naturally the text flows from the perspective of a native speaker. Therefore, in this thesis, we aim to use language models, trained on well-written prose, to measure not only text readability in terms of comprehension but text quality. In this thesis, we developed two word-level metrics based on the concordance of article text with predictions made using language models to assess text readability and quality. We evaluate both metrics on a set of corpora used for readability assessment or automated essay scoring (AES) by measuring the correlation between scores assigned by our metrics and human raters. According to the experimental results, our metrics are strongly correlated with text quality, which achieve 0.4-0.6 correlations on 7 out of 9 datasets. We demonstrate that GPT-2 surpasses…

Corona-Masquerade, or: Unmasking the New Sociology of MasksCorona-Masquerade: It sounds like the name of a comic opera.But large parts of the population of the world have very recently donned, or are being compelled to wear, face masks, in response to the rapid spread of Covid-19.Masks have fast become ever more subject to various kinds of politicised dispute and controversy.Consequently, the masquerade surrounding Coronavirus has become a deadly serious globalized phenomenon, truly a matter of life and death.

This article introduces the theme and contents of this double issue on choreomusicology. It summarizes the historical development of research focusing on the relationship of music and dance, or sound and movement, especially within music and dance studies, but also in other disciplines. The authors advocate the term choreomusicology as an umbrella term for the various approaches used to investigate music-dance interrelations and related topics such as embodied music interaction. The focus is on combining views from ethnomusicology and ethnochoreology, which offer new potential to choreomusical research with their culturally sensitive insights based on ethnographic fieldwork, often including practical understanding of the traditions studied.

During 2020, online education has become an alternative way of studying in primary and secondary education in situations in which ordinary contact teaching is not possible. In our study, we investigated upper secondary students’ experiences of virtual online courses in 2018–2019 using a questionnaire and open-ended questions. Students participated in virtual online courses during which they met the teacher and peer students regularly in online sessions and completed individual homework assignments. A private company provided a digital platform, a conferencing tool, and other digital applications. Teachers could tailor the environment and links to the contents and to other digital applications. Students were from one school (Group 1, N=53) and they studied all courses online while their school was being renovated, and Group 2 (N=109) were students studying a subject (mainly language) which was not taught at their own school. The experiences of students in both groups were mainly positive. Students were especially satisfied with the course content and organisation. The lowest scores…

It has been claimed that promoting student agency is one of the key features of new generation assessment practices in higher education. While studies in higher education have offered important new knowledge about how students show agency in assessment, what is largely lacking in the field of assessment and agency is i) an elaboration of the theoretical framework or a definition of the concept of agency, ii) a description of theory-driven data analysis and iii) the alignment of the theoretical framework and the analysis methods. In this chapter, we address these three points by offering an example of an earlier study on socio- cultural conceptualisation of agency and self-assessment. What follows is a critical reflection on the methodological choices of this paper. We argue that if the literature on assessment and agency keeps neglecting the socio-cultural aspects of agency, the research runs the risk of not being able to guide practice in the field of higher education or offer insights into oft-reported issues regarding student agency and assessment.

In response to recent societal trends and growing demand for online education, several higher education institutions are building online curriculums and collaborating in teaching. There is an extensive body of literature of student experiences in online teaching, but more research is needed on teacher experiences, especially when courses are co-taught across universities. To examine the advantages and challenges of co-teaching in large-scale online courses, we collected survey and interview data during 2017-2019 from 16 teachers who have been teaching in the national “LITO - basic business studies” online module. Based on a qualitative analysis, the advantages and challenges were classified into three distinct categories: teacher, student, and university levels. All in all, numerous important benefits were identified, with peer-support, sharing, and networking being among the more significant ones. Organizational support for co-teaching was identified as being a critical factor enabling the benefits.

Acid soils with pH-H2O < 5.5 are widely distributed in humid tropical Western Ethiopia. Liming is used to amend soil acidity and exchangeable aluminum (Alex) toxicity through precipitating Alexand increasing pH. Liming requirement (LR) for humid tropical Western Ethiopia on the basis of KCl extractable Alexhas not yet been established but there is a strong need for this recommendation as a rapid and reliable method for reclaiming soil acidity. The objectives of this study were to determine LR of Ultisols and Alfisols, establish relationship between LR and Alex, and further verify the results through a greenhouse pot experiment. Soil samples were collected from Ultisols and Alfisols from 0 to 20 cm depth. Seven samples with Al saturation ranging from 7 to 75% and pH from 4.7 to 5.2 were screened and advancedto a 60-day incubation experiment. The LR was determined from intercepts of regression equations of lime (CaCO3) rate versus Alex. The LR ranged from 1.72 to 9.24 cmolc CaCO3kg-1which is equivalent to 1.54 to 11.41 ton CaCO3ha-1. These LR recommendations contradict with the 3 ton…

This study explores how university teachers perceive the features and characteristics of a good university teacher and how they self-evaluate their experienced pedagogical competency. Furthermore, this study explores how the experienced pedagogical competency and perceived features and characteristics of a good university teacher are related. The data were collected by a questionnaire (N=73) from two groups of university teachers: the participants and non-participants of an educational development project. The results showed that the teachers perceived a good university teacher as having a wide knowledge base, having versatile professional roles, and continuously developing their professional competency. They also self-evaluated social reflection, emotions, and active participation in teaching development as core areas of their pedagogical competency. The university teachers' perceived ideal of a good university teacher was mainly consistent with their experienced pedagogical competency, however, an emotional aspect was not perceived to include the ideal of a good university…

This study fills a gap in gambling research by inquiring into the ways in which people make sense of their country's gambling policy as a comprehensive logic with interrelated facets. Nineteen focus group interviews were conducted with 88 persons in Helsinki, Finland. The interview protocol involved discussion stimuli and tasks. The study participants expressed the view that the public image and function of gambling provision involves a great deal of contradictory elements. Even though the existing monopoly system was given approval in terms of yielding funding to good causes, the interviewees were still critical of how the monopoly system worked when it comes to advertising, availability, and customer loyalty programs. A core dilemma identified was whether the system aims to prevent gambling-related problems or whether it does, in fact, promote gambling consumption. If skilfully executed, the study method can be fruitful for discerning core logical inconsistencies in the gambling regulation systems of other countries as well.

Mioseeniepookki (n. 23 – 5 miljoonaa vuotta sitten) oli merkittävä ajanjakso, jonka aikana ilmastossa ja kasvillisuudessa tapahtui mullistavia muutoksia, jotka aikaan saivat uusia sopeutumia monissa kasvinsyöjissä. Sopeutumat koskettivat niin morfologisia, ruokavaliollisia kuin ekologisia tekijöitä evolutiivisesti varsin lyhyessä ajassa. Näistä kasvinsyöjistä eräitä merkittävimpiä olivat norsueläimet, jotka olivat nykyistä suurempi ja ekologisesti monipuolisempi ryhmä. Mioseeniepookki oli merkittävä käännöskohta näiden norsueläinten evoluutiossa, jonka aikaisesta lajien ravintokäyttäytymisestä sekä ekologiasta tiedetään varsin vähän. Täten tämän tutkimuksen kohteena olivat Euraasian muinaiset norsueläimet (Proboscideans) muun muassa Deinotherium ja Gomphotherium- suvut. Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia mioseeniepookin norsulajien fossilisoituneita hammaspintoja, joiden kuluminen signaloi niiden ravinnosta sekä arvioida näiden lajien elinympäristöjä vertaamalla saatuja tuloksia olemassa oleviin aineistoihin aikakauden kasvillisuuden ominaispiirteistä sekä ilmastohistoriasta. Aineistona…

Paleoproterotzoic evaporitic rocks in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt (CLGB) were discovered in 2016 as a result of relatively deep diamond core drilling (400-1100m) during a Ni-Cu-PGE ore exploration project. Evaporites occur as relatively flat successions. Highly soluble evaporites were probably initially preserved by active magmatism that enveloped these layers under extrusives or/and in between subvolcanic sills. Under the deformation the plastic behaviour of evaporites may have provided a platform that may have functioned as a slip surface for the prograding thrust faults. Plastic behaviour may also have prevented folding. Evaporites in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt formed after the Great Oxidation Event, during the late stages of Lomagundi-Jatuli carbon isotope event. The discovered evaporites belong to the Savukoski Group rocks (2.2-2.05 Ga) that resemble a closing rift and the corresponding of a shallow sea environment, where evaporites are considered to have precipitated by oversaturation induced by anomalously high terrestrial influx that was enhanced by newly…

We report three species from the family Asteraceae found in Hoang Lien National Park representing new records for Vietnam. Erigeron lilacinus is a new combination that we publish to accommodate the taxon earlier known as Erigeron annuus subsp. lilacinus at species rank. It is a widely distributed weed that, however, has not been reported for Asia until now. Moreover, the entire E. annuus s.l. species complex is known to have limited distribution in Asia and especially in its tropical regions; particularly, this complex has not been reported for Vietnam. Additionally, we report E. lilacinus as a new record for Taiwan. The second species, Senecio humbertii, was earlier considered to be a narrow endemic of Yunnan, China. It is confined to mountain environments and found above 2000 m a.s.l. across its known distribution area. The third species, Synotis austroyunnanensis, has been known to inhabit Guizhou and Yunnan provinces of China. We indicate presence of this species in two provinces of Vietnam bordering China. We provide photographs of all three species in the living state and…

A master’s program in maritime archaeology is planned at the University of Helsinki with inauguration in 2023 if facilitated by the Faculty. In support of this planning, research into what factors contribute to the long-term success of a degree program in maritime archaeology was carried out. Professionals with existing and past work experience in higher education in maritime archaeology and underwater heritage management were interviewed and an online questionnaire was distributed. The interview and questionnaire results are combined in this report with a review of literature in the development of higher education in maritime archaeology. The results indicate that the most common reason for a degree program to be cancelled is staff discontinuity. Maritime archaeology programs are often run with minimum staff and when a person retires or leaves, they may not be replaced. Two factors that can be anticipated in curriculum design were identified as important for the long-term success of a degree program in maritime archaeology. 1) Integration of teaching with other teaching at the home…

In this article, I have sought to develop an understanding of the contribution of imaginative and nature appreciation in early childhood environmental education dealing with old, cultural nature myths and beliefs. The argument rests on the belief that the basis of a child-environmental education is in imagination which resonates with play, aesthetics and storytelling as old, historical nature myths have a story-like power to transform human perception of the world and our relationship to it. The thinking of the old nature myths and development of early childhood environmental education is in this article relying on new materialism and posthumanist thinking of intra-action (Barad 2003; 2007). This article specifically considers the usage of material Whisper of the Spirit, which places educators in the position of examining their environmental education practices as relative, evolving and emergent situations in which the old nature myths and the existing material components could have their role and significance.

Ultisols and Alfisols in humid Western Ethiopia are deficient in available phosphorus (P) but respond slightly to P fertilization. The study determined P sorption characteristics of five soils with and without optimum lime rate. Phosphorus sorption was conducted by equilibrating the soils with P solutions. Phosphorus sorption patterns of unlimed soils had no sorption maxima while limed soils had sorption maxima. The sorption data fitted to Langmuir model. The unlimed and limed soils had high P sorption capacity. The net zero equilibrium P concentration (EPC0) ranged from 0.007 to 0.012mg l-1. Standard phosphorus requirement (SPR) ranged from 759 to 831 and 441 to 1164mg kg-1 for soils and lime treatments, respectively. Langmuir adsorption maxima (bmax) ranged from 2072 to 2792 and 2352 to 2367mg kg-1 for soils and lime effect, respectively. Effect of soil types on sorption was not significant while lime significantly decreased SPR from 1164 to 441mg k g-1. The bmax of Alfisols increased while of Ultisols decreased with liming. The study suggested that Alfisols and Ultisols require…

Leino-Sandberg 2020-06-18T10:22:43For decades, and until a few weeks ago, Article 310 TFEU has been seen as prohibiting the EU from borrowing to finance its expenditure.The Commission's Next Generation EU proposal reverses that interpretation and raises fundamental questions of EU law and its dynamic interpretation.With such a sudden change of heart, are the Member States under a duty to follow?What constitutional limits remain to their membership obligations?Last Friday, the Finnish Constitutional Law Committee (CLC) adopted a highly critical statement on the proposal.Following the logic of the PSPP and the Ajos rulings, it argued that the financing model of the proposal exceeds the powers transferred to the EU. The legal framework for the EU budgetArticle 310(1) TFEU establishes that all Union items of revenue and expenditure 'shall be shown in the budget' and that the 'revenue and expenditure shown in the budget shall be in balance'.In a chapter titled "Principle of equilibrium", the Financial Regulation further specifies that the 'Union and the Union bodies …. shall not raise…

The objective of this study is to contribute conceptually and empirically to the discussion about when firms attempt to align their political efforts with their social goals and how this alignment affects their financial performance, an area currently still under-explored. The empirical context for our analysis focuses on companies that have been singled out due to their efforts to emphasize “shared value” defined as integrating competitive and social policies. The specific research questions that we shed light on in this study include: What have been the types of political efforts that these firms singled out in the pursuit of their shared value goals? Or, stated slightly differently: What is the political capacity of firms who have embraced social goals as part of their competitive strategy? Relatedly, we ask whether shared-value firms are more likely to deploy their political efforts to promote their social values initiatives and whether political and social alignment boost a firm’s net income.

This paper offers a survey of the indigenous toponymy of a limited geographical region covering the lower course of the river Amur and the island of Sakhalin in the Russian Far East. Place names of this region come from both indigenous and colonial languages and reveal several historical layers. The paper focuses on the toponyms which originate from the genetically isolated Nivkh (Ghilyak) language and examines the structural and semantic patterns of their derivation. The analysis of the material confirms that toponymy encodes important information about the ways in which indigenous peoples conceptualize the world and perceive their immediate ecological environment.

While a hazard, such as an earthquake, may result from natural processes, the unequal ways in which it impacts people’s lives are not an outcome dictated by forces of nature. Indeed, the disaster unfolding from a hazard has much to do with how human societies are governed. In a disaster, marginalised people are more likely than others to lose their homes, livelihoods, lives, and people they care about. Meanwhile, powerful actors are likely able to protect themselves from many negative consequences of hazards and disasters, while sometimes even being able to capture potential benefits. These inequalities become exposed in the case of urban disasters, where people living in neighbouring residential areas may experience very different outcomes from a disaster. Addressing these inequalities calls for scrutiny on disaster governance, and the ways in which diverse actors address and experience disaster impacts. This thesis explores how disasters in the unequal city are governed, particularly within the frame of resilience discourse. Furthermore, the work strives to imagine more just urban…

As Gail Fondahl and Gary Wilson (2017) have pointed out, “there are numerous sustainabilities and numerous norths.” This diversity is seldom reflected in the scholarly literature or popularized debates, which tend to depict the Arctic region as one, not many. The notions of sustainability and sustainable development are typically treated in equally elusive and ubiquitous ways, ignoring both the conceptual complexity and the practical challenges that “successfully” applying these notions in practice entail. In this chapter we draw conclusions from individual contributions in the book and argue that the European Arctic is not only rich in resources, but also resourceful in terms of its social and cultural resources and their potentialities. Our conclusions set forth an understanding of multiple Norths and understandings of (social) sustainability as a practice beyond the politics of sustainable development: as a social practice, as a social imaginary and as a way to understand resources, societies and their present and future potentialities.

Vuosien 2016-2019 koulutuksen arviointisuunnitelmassa Kansallisen koulutuksen arviointikeskuksen yhdeksi tehtäväksi on asetettu esi-ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteiden toimeenpanon arviointi, joka toteutetaan neljänä osahankkeena.Tässä raportissa tarkastellaan OPS-arvioinnin toisen ja kolmannen osahankkeen arviointituloksia esi-ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmaprosessien toimivuudesta paikallisella tasolla.Erityisesti tarkastellaan, miten paikallisten opetussuunnitelmien valmistelu-ja käyttöönottoprosessit ohjaavat esiopetusyksiköiden ja koulujen työn kehittämistä opettajien näkökulmasta.Arvioinnin kohteena ovat opetussuunnitelmien sisällöllisten tavoitteiden saavuttamista edistävät ja estävät tekijät esiopetusyksiköiden ja koulujen arjessa.OPS-arvioinnin toisen ja kolmannen osahankkeen arviointiaineistot koostuvat esiopetusyksikkö-ja kouluvierailujen muistiinpanoista, vierailukohteiden opettajille suunnatuista kyselyistä sekä vierailukohteiden paikallisista opetussuunnitelmista, koulujen lukuvuosisuunnitelmista ja esiopetuksen vuosittaisista suunnitelmista.Keväällä…

Algorithms study trackComputer security professionals are at several disadvantages compared to the adversaries that seek to exploit computer systems.The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures list was introduced in 1999 to make information more readily accessible in service of tool interoperability, risk sharing, and effective communication.The goal of this thesis is to leverage techniques in unsupervised learning and data mining in order to identify and visualize patterns in the development of threats over the lifespan of this list.We consider multi-dimensional clustering using K-medoids and hierarchical clustering.We also consider three methods for segmentation: segmentation optimized for an additive cost function using dynamic programming, monotonic segmentation of exponentially distributed data, and a method for multinomial change point detection that measures the divergence between static and dynamic parameter estimators.We find that there is signal between the exploit types and products.Certain product types also experience more severe exploits on average.A monotonic…

For listed agriculture companies,resource allocation decisions based on biological asset information of investors is related to the sustainable development. We examine the impact of the implementation of China Accounting Standards No.5 - Biological Assets (CASS) on the value relevance of biological assets, which is essential convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), by analyzing the data from 2002 to 2016 of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. We find that, under historical cost-measurement model, the value relevance of the biological asset information of Chinese listed companies increased significantly after the implementation of CASS. Further analysis shows that the value relevance of biological assets for groups under analyst following was higher than the others, which suggests that analyst following plays an alternative governance function. The results indicate that the biological asset information measured under historical costs model has value relevance and provide empirical evidence from emerging market for the revision…

Conventional Data warehouse main theme is ’single version of truth’ with either dimensional modeling option or normalized 3NF modeling. These both techniques have issues because on the way to data warehouse data is cleansed/transformed and data ends up changed, hence loosing information. Data Vault modeling - as response to these issues - is detail oriented and tracks history keeping the audit trail intact. This means we have ’single version of facts’ or ’all the data, all of the time’. Data Vault methodology and architecture can handle Big Data and NoSQL, which are also covered in this work on the Data Lake section. Data Lake tools have evolved strongly during the last decade and response to the ever expanding data amounts using distributed computing tactics. Data Lake can also ingest different types of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Data warehouse (and Data Lake) processing is moving from on-premises server rooms to the cloud data centers. Specifically Apache and Google have developed and inspired a lot of new tools, which can process data warehouse data on…

- Environmental exposure during commuting affects daily travel experience, health and wellbeing. - People experience their surrounding environment through sounds, smells and scenery. - Pedestrians and cyclist can reduce their exposure to pollution and improve travel experience with the help of dedicated journey planners. - Green Paths routing tool promotes sustainable urban commuting by helping people to find pleasant routes while on bike or on foot. - It is a proof-of-concept type open source development that makes suggestions on low-pollution active travel routes in Helsinki capital region. - Land use and transport planning can benefit from the tool as it allows evaluating if access to healthy and pleasant urban travel is equally available in space.

Many halophiles were considered to be extremophiles due to their inborn industrial potentials and tolerance to hostile environmental conditions. The isolated halophilic bacteria described in the present study are not only grown at environmentally adverse conditions, also they can be able to produce bioactive molecules. Among the isolated strains, Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain JAS12 and Salinicoccus roseus strain JS20 are known for the unique biotechnological applications. The isolate Oceanobacillus sp. grows well at 35-55 degrees C (optimum 45 degrees C) and pH 6 to 12 (maximum growth at pH 8), interestingly the strain could hydrolyze casein, starch and gelatin. The G+C content was 40.2 mol % and the major fatty acids are iso-15:0: 30.52%, primary-C15: 0 (29.29 %), iso-14:0 (16.15%) anteiso-C17: 0 (4.03%). Another isolate was Salinicoccus sp. JS20 The DNA G+C content was 50.4 mol % and the major fatty acids are anteiso-C15: 0 (26.23%), iso15:0, (17.62%)Y, 16:0 (11.5%), anteiso-C17: 0 (7.7 %), iso- C16: 0 (10.20 %), iso-17:0: (5.43%) and iso-C14: 0 (3.97 %). These isolates are also…

Technology development has grown rapidly in the last decades and gained importance for accounting and auditing through its identified potentials. Particularly the automation of judgment systems and systems that require human intervention, are deemed to be more relevant to confront a transformation through Robotic Process Automation (RPA). During the continuous development, the augmentation of such systems through Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents a greenfield project with high expectations. However theoretical frameworks have not yet been elaborative and sufficient to capture how such deployments can be conducted. Addressing this research gap, this study presents a summarized overview of the transforming RPA ecosystem and indicates what challenges are critical to being confronted for a successful implementation of such systems in accounting and auditing

This article examines the Finnish labour movement’s attitudes towards legal aid in the beginning of the 20th century. Internationally, industrialisation and urbanisation in the 19th century gave new momentum to reorganising legal aid. In Finland, legal aid was first established in the 1880s when Helsinki appointed an advocate for the poor. Around the turn of the century, workers’ newspapers wrote critically about the poors’ advocates who were employed by the municipalities and who they felt did not always treat workers appropriately. Papers also gave examples from other countries where workers’ associations had organised legal aid for their members. In the 1910s, the Social Democratic Party and the Finnish Trade Union Federation founded a workers’ law office providing legal aid free of charge. In addition, some private law firms were established calling themselves “workers’ law firms”. The developments of the early 20th century show how the workers’ movement actively tried to take the legal aid into its own hands.

This paper will provide a brief description of Skolt Sami and how it might be construed as a pluricentric language. Historical factors are identified that might contribute to a pluricentric identity: geographic location and political history; shortages of language documentation, and the establishment of a normative body for the development of a standard language. Skolt Sami is assessed in the context of Sami languages and is forwarded as one of a closely related yet distinct language group. Here the issue then becomes one of facilitating diversity even for under-documented languages. And we aptly describe opportunities in language technology that have been utilized to this end. Finally, brief insight is given for other Uralic languages with regard to pluricentric character and possibilities for language users to facilitate the maintenance of their individual language needs.

The objective of this study is to get insight on the usage of automated build and deployment pipelines by software development teams at Avaintec Oy in the context of DevOps methodologies. Automated deployments are used widely in today’s software development and they allow for complex installation operations and testing to be done in a time-saving manner as less manual work is required. While there is a lot of research in the area of DevOps and automation pipelines, standardised ways of working and best practices are still vague in many ways. Studying the effects of DevOps and the use of the automation pipelines in the scope of the development team is important to establish practices and ways of working that can best support the work of the developers and also be cost effective for the companies. The research methods of this study are a literature review of the most recent literature on using automation in software development, and a case study of the process of taking DevOps methodologies and a Continuous Deployment pipeline into use at Avaintec Oy. The literature is analysed with…

Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to transform many domains of human activity, enabled by the collection of data from the physical world at a massive scale. As the projected growth of IoT data exceeds that of available network capacity, transferring it to centralized cloud data centers is infeasible. Edge computing aims to solve this problem by processing data at the edge of the network, enabling applications with specialized requirements that cloud computing cannot meet. The current market of platforms that support building IoT applications is very fragmented, with offerings available from hundreds of companies with no common architecture. This threatens the realization of IoT's potential: with more interoperability, a new class of applications that combine the collected data and use it in new ways could emerge. In this thesis, promising IoT platforms for edge computing are surveyed. First, an understanding of current challenges in the field is gained through studying the available literature on the topic. Second, IoT edge platforms having the most potential to meet these…

Abstract This thesis explores the everyday spatial practices in the gentrified and micro-segregated Eastleigh, Nairobi. Gentrification is one of the most important aspects of urban studies, as well as social geography contributing to significant socioeconomic changes in many metropolitan cities in the world. Although the emerging empirical studies indicate socioeconomic impacts of gentrification, less research has been conducted to examine social and economic interaction in gentrified spaces in the Global South. Additionally, there are limited studies on how cultural diversity influences gentrification. In the case of a diversified neighbourhood, such as Eastleigh, assessing the effects of culture on gentrification is significant. Therefore, this study aimed to see by observing and interviewing residents, whether the developments in Eastleigh can be analysed and interpreted through the theoretical framework of gentrification and micro-segregation. The study used descriptive research to build on literature and graphics to collect data on gentrification indicators and socioeconomic…

Red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) are known to be displaced by marine industries, including offshore wind development and vessel traffic.Displacement is analogous to habitat loss, with areas used by divers prior to displacement no longer being available to them.However, the energetic, physiological and demographic consequences of displacement are currently unknown.If divers are already energetically constrained in the non-breeding season, they may struggle to meet the additional energetic demands following displacement.The aim of the Red-throated Diver Energetics Project (https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/rtde- project/) is to collect and compare novel data on foraging and movement behaviour of redthroated divers in the breeding and non-breeding season.Whilst this will not give direct empirical measures of the consequences of displacement for individuals, it will give insight and inference into whether divers are currently energetically challenged in the non-breeding season.During the 2018 breeding season, 74 red-throated divers breeding in Finland, Iceland and the Northern Isles of…

Asuinrakennuksissa syttyvät tulipalot aiheuttavat merkittäviä henkilö- ja omaisuusvahinkoja erityisesti kaupungeissa. Palojen esiintyvyydellä on todettu olevan voimakas yhteys alueiden ja alueiden asukkaiden piirteisiin, kuten sosioekonomiseen asemaan sekä kotitalouksien ja rakennusten ominaisuuksiin. Vaikuttavat tekijät ovat kuitenkin monimutkaisia ja usein toisiinsa kytkeytyneitä, mikä on vaikeuttanut tarkkojen ennusteiden tekemistä. Riskimallinnus ja paikkatietoanalyysit tarjoavat entistä tehokkaampia ja käytännöllisiä keinoja ilmiön tutkimiseen, erityisesti onnettomuuksien ennaltaehkäisyn ja varautumisen näkökulmasta. Tähän mennessä asuinrakennuspalojen alueelliseen esiintyvyyteen vaikuttavien riskitekijöiden tuntemus Helsingissä on ollut rajallista, mihin tällä tutkielmalla on pyritty tuomaan uutta empiiristä tietoa. Tässä tutkielmassa analysoitiin Helsingissä syttyneitä asuinrakennuspaloja vuosina 2014–2018 250 x 250 metrin ruututasolla. Tulipalojen alueellista riippuvuutta tutkittiin havainnoimalla tilastollisesti merkittäviä palojen keskittymiä. Lisäksi luotiin riskimalli,…

Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is defined by the IAEA as “Radioactive material containing no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occurring radionuclides”. In the EC directive 2013/58/Euratom several industry sectors are listed that are known to often deal with NORM, either in residues, wastes, by-products, or products, the mining industry is one of these. The risk posed by NORM is defined by exposure potential and concentration. In the wastes created by the mining industry these are tied to the management of wastes and concentration of radionuclides in the exploited mineral resource. Wastes created by the mining industry are often of environmental concern as they are in many cases piled on the mining site after closure. The tailings of a mine may contain pyrite, which when oxidized creates acid mine drainage. The acidic waters in such sites can enhance the mobility of radionuclides and other harmful elements. In this thesis two mine waste sites were selected for study, which were known to have had issues with natural radioactivity. These two…

COVID-19-pandemiapotilaiden hoito Suomessa on painottunut Helsingin ja Uudenmaan sairaanhoitopiirin (HUS) alueelle. Kansainvälisessä kirjallisuudessa pandemiapotilaita ensilinjassa hoitavien kuormitus on korostunut muihin terveydenhuoltoalan ammattilaisiin verrattuna. Terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten työn lisäksi pandemia vaikuttaa monin tavoin myös henkilöstöalan ammattilaisten tehtäviin, koulutustarpeisiin ja henkilöstön sijoitusten suunnitteluun. Henkilöstön psykososiaaliset tukitoimet terveydenhuollossa on tärkeää rakentaa organisaation sisäisenä toimintana, jotta ne ovat sekä näyttöön perustuvia että toteuttamiskelpoisia.

All learners should obtain knowledge about and be able to foster sustainable development, according to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.7 (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Consequently, teacher education should involve sustainable development so as to meet SDG 4.7. This study aims to identify the incorporation of sustainable development in Finland’s teacher education programmes in order to support the development needed to attain SDG 4.7. Agenda 2030 and the SDGs were created in 2015 to continue to work towards the goals which the Brundtland report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) established; to guarantee that present and future generations can fulfil their needs without jeopardising planet Earth. Therefore, meeting the SDGs and Agenda 2030 are considered of the utmost importance. As such, the incorporation of sustainable development in teacher education worldwide, is considered significant (Stevenson et al., 2015). However, previous research concerning Finland has indicated that sustainable development in teacher education is…

As a solution for the increasing energy demand in Jordan, nuclear power was recommended for the energy mix at the national level. However, investigations of the meteorological conditions and mass transfer have never been conducted and reported earlier based on typical Jordanian conditions in order to have prior knowledge in case of a future hypothetical nuclear accident in Jordan. In this study, the variabilities of horizontal and vertical wind components and surface temperature differences have been investigated near one of the originally suggested locations for the construction of a nuclear power plant facility. That proposed location is the site of the Samra Energy Power Plant (SEPP). The selected domain of the simulation model was 85×85 km2 in area (17×17 grid points and 13 vertical layers) surrounding the SEPP site. The simulations revealed that the wind direction near the surface was developed to comply with the complexity of the terrain regardless of the input values of the prevailing wind direction. The wind direction propagated along the valleys that are surrounded by the…

In this essay, we describe early experiments in a computational folkloristics project FILTER aimed at studying formulaic intertextuality, thematic networks and poetic variation across regional cultures of Finnic oral poetry. Due to the vast amount of linguistic and poetic variation and historical biases in the corpora, existing automated approaches are unusable. Instead, advances must be made through intelligently interleaving computational and manual analysis.

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin suomalaisten opettajien ja rehtorien työhyvinvointia työinnon ja työuupumuksen profiilien avulla koronakevään 2020 aikana. Kyselytutkimukseen osallistui 1 182 opettajaa (83 % naisia, keski-ikä 48 (KH = 9.5) vuotta) ja 644 rehtoria (41 % naisia, keski-ikä 50.6 (KH = 7.7) vuotta) eri puolilta Suomea. Latentin profiilianalyysin avulla tunnistettiin neljä opettajien työhyvinvointiprofiilia ja kolme rehtorien työhyvinvointiprofiilia. 42 prosenttia opettajista sijoittui innostuneiden profiiliin, jota luonnehti samanaikaisesti korkea työinto ja matala työuupumus, 11 prosenttia innostuneiden mutta uupuneiden profiiliin, jota erotti erityisesti vähäinen energisyys ja korkea uupumusasteinen väsymys, 37 prosenttia uupumusriskissä olevien profiiliin, jota luonnehti lievä työuupumus ja vähäinen työinto, ja 10 prosenttia vakavasti uupuneiden profiiliin, jossa koettiin keskimäärin vakavaa uupumusta ja matalaa työintoa. Rehtoreista 36 prosenttia sijoittui innostuneiden profiiliin, 46 prosenttia uupumisriskissä oleviin ja 18 prosenttia uupuneisiin, joita kuitenkin…

This article examines how the Swedish idea of collective wage-earner funds was received and discussed in Finland in the 1970s and 1980s, especially by the Social Democrats and the trade union movement. The initial proposal entailed profit-sharing with workers and would have made the trade unions co-owners of private enterprise. The Finnish Social Democrats were influenced by the proposal but devised a more moderate idea for company-specific ‘cooperation funds’. The Swedish debate was interpreted in Finland as a cautionary tale of too radical demands causing severe political and labour market conflicts. In negotiations with Finnish employers and bourgeois parties, the idea was further modified into voluntary ‘personnel funds,’ which in effect meant a possibility for personal bonus payments and stock-saving for employees in profitable firms. The outcome was closer to traditional bourgeois and employer ideas of people’s capitalism than to social democratic ideas of ‘economic democracy,’ which had justified the wage-earner fund proposal.

After the personal data of thousands of patients was hacked from a privately-run psychotherapy centre in Finland, blackmailers are threatening to publish the data unless they receive a ransom. Because of the seriousness of this data breach, the case is likely to become a landmark in Finnish data protection law and a Europe-wide reference point for the application of GDPR rules in data breach situations.

This paper reports on a project designed to promote the understanding of the World Heritage site of Old Rauma, Finland, with the help of craft activities. Through fieldwork and an analysis of the data collected from two craft interventions, the paper examines how craft making can serve as a medium to celebrate a sense of place and inspire people to deliberate the role that heritage occupies in their everyday lives. Based on the study, it can be concluded that attention needs to be placed on the teaching and learning of creative practices in order to contribute to the makers’ perceptions of placeness and to sustain local development as well as to promote heritage in a historical town.

Utredningen ger en helhetsbild av nuläget för kontakttolkning som i synnerhet används i samband med integration.Nuläget för kontakttolkning beskrivs med hjälp av lagstiftning, ersättnings-och upphandlingssystem, utbildning och erfarenheter från aktörer inom kontakttolkning.Därutöver presenteras utvärderarnas slutsatser om de iakttagelser som baserar sig på materialet samt rekommendationer för att utveckla kontakttolkningen.De kunder som beställer tolkning är i huvudsak nöjda med kontakttolkningens kvalitet.Visserligen följer man inte så noggrant upp kundnöjdheten i kundgränssnittet.Utmaningarna i fråga om tillgången till tolkar syns i huvudsak endast i de mer sällsynta språken.Det finns dock många personer som arbetar som kontakttolkar, men som saknar examen.De största utmaningarna gäller tolkarnas arbetsvillkor och uppskattning av branschen som inte ligger i linje med de krav som branschen ställer.Tröskeln för fortbildning och vidareutbildning är hög eftersom egna satsningar på kompetens ofta inte syns i lönen eller uppdragen.Många av de utmaningar som identifieras i utredningen…

Damages disputes related to breaches of EU competition law are heard by Member State courts that apply a combination of EU and national law to these cases. Recently, the European Court of Justice handed down a preliminary ruling concerning who is liable to compensate harm caused by competition infringements (Skanska (C-724/17)). Importantly, the ruling confirms that EU competition law, and not national legislation, dictates which legal entities are responsible for damages. Moreover, the ruling indicates that the broadly interpreted concept of “undertaking” and the principle of economic continuity—traditionally discussed in the sphere of public enforcement of EU competition provisions—are also relevant in the context of private law claims. These clarifications are invaluable, because the issue of those liable for damages has not previously been addressed in a detailed manner, and the extent to which EU law, as opposed to national rules, governs this area has not been clear. This contribution explores the Skanska ruling and its theoretical and practical implications.

Four genera are transferred from the tribe Mesogenini to Galbitini: Temnus Fleutiaux 1920, Temnillus Bonvouloir 1871, Submesogenus Fleutiaux 1921 and Arisus Bonvouloir, 1871. The evolutionary history of the tribes Eucnemini, Galbitini and Mesogenini is discussed. The genus Temnus is revised. Four new species are described: T. ischigachiensis n.sp. (Japan), T. thai n. sp. (Thailand), T. papuensis n. sp. (Papua New Guinea) and T. punctithorax n. sp. (Papua New Guinea). Three species are redescribed: T. alius (Fleutiaux 1912), T. differens (Fleutiaux, 1912) and T. sumatrensis (Fleutiaux 1896). The habitus and the male genitaliae of all the species are illustrated and a key to identify the species is given.

In the current studies of world prehistory, the appearance of roads and roads systems is associated with the formation of chiefdoms, states and early empires. In some cases it has been a question of hierarchical or heterarchical confederations of chiefdoms or states sharing a common religious or/and political ideology. The connection between complex societies and roads is not universal, but it is at least very general. Paths and tracks may have been enough for general movements of people, goods, ideas and messages, especially in societies without draft animals. Nevertheless, a high population density and a sedentary life have often led to the differentiation of social organization and to competition for power and prestige. Monumental earthworks and architecture are symbols of power when building cultural landscapes. In South America, the ancient Inca road system is well known for its enormous capacity to move armies, people, goods and messages in the 15th and 16th centuries. Nevertheless, less known are ancient roads and causeways in Amazonian regions, even though some of them were…

Filosofian ylioppilaskoe on suoritettu syksystä 2016 lähtien sähköisesti. Samaan aikaan lukiofilosofiaan vaikutti toinen merkittävä muutos, kun valtioneuvoston vuonna 2014 vahvistamalle tuntijaolle perustuva Lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2015 tuli voimaan. Uusi tuntijako palautti – yli 150 vuoden jälkeen – pakollisen etiikan opetuksen filosofian oppiaineeseen.

In this essay, I will discuss some of the opportunities offered by Todd Phillips’s Joker (2019) to engage in an “interpretative play,” to use the term of Noël Carroll, with this particular work of art, and consider some of the emotional responses that the movie elicits. The perspective in this free-associative essay is subjective, and the aesthetic and non-aesthetic responses to the film elaborated here concentrate on the following selected themes: emotions and sexuality as part of the Joker’s origin story and the Joker’s role as an archetypal trickster in the Jungian sense.

Coagulation equations are evolution equations that model the time-evolution of the size-distribution of particles in systems where colliding particles stick together, or coalesce, to form one larger particle. These equations arise in many areas of science, most prominently in aerosol physics and the study of polymers. In the former case, the colliding particles are small aerosol particles that form ever larger aerosol particles, and in the latter case, the particles are polymers of various sizes. As the system evolves, the density of particles of a specified size changes. The rate of change is specified by two competing factors. On one hand there is a positive contribution coming from smaller particles coalescing to form particles of this specific size. On the other hand, particles of this size can coalesce with other particles to form larger particles, which contributes negatively to the density of particles of this size. Furthermore, if there is no addition of new particles into the system, then the total mass of the particles should remain constant. From these considerations, it…

Syventävien opintojen tutkielmassani tarkastelen uralilaiseen kielikuntaan kuuluvan, vakavasti uhanalaisen nganasanin kielen itsekorjausta vuorovaikutuslingvistisestä näkökulmasta. Tutkielmani on alustava katsaus itsekorjauksen morfosyntaktiseen jäsentymiseen sekä pragmaattisiin merkityksiin nganasaninkielisessä keskustelussa ja kerronnassa. Tutkielmassani selvitän, millaisia kieliopillisia resursseja nganasanin puhujat käyttävät oman puheensa korjaamiseen ja vuorovaikutuksen jatkuvuuden ylläpitämiseen, minkä lisäksi tarkastelen korjausten keskeisimpiä pragmaattisia funktioita eli sitä, millaisia asioita puhujat pitävät korjausta vaativina ja miksi. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu Hampurin yliopiston puhutun nganasanin korpuksen (Nganasan Spoken Language Corpus 0.2) kerrontaa ja keskustelua sisältävistä tallenteista sekä Suomen kielen nauhoitearkistossa säilytettävästä Jevgeni Helimskin vuonna 1996 videoimasta aineistosta. Olen poiminut aineistosta itsekorjauksen sisältävät katkelmat, joita analysoin vuorovaikutuslingvistisin menetelmin. Itsekorjauksella tarkoitan tässä yhteydessä…

Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Laitos – Institution – Department Sosiaalitieteiden laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Sandberg Markus Roy Rikhard Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Valvontakapitalismi tulevaisuudentutkimuksen viitekehyksessä: tutkielma valvontakapitalismin vaikutuksista ihmisyyden tulevaisuuteen Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Yhteiskuntapolitiikka Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Pro gradu-tutkielma Aika – Datum – Month and year 18.5.2020 Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages 105 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä tutkielma ammentaa aiheensa parhaastaan Shoshana Zuboffin The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: A fight for a human future at the new frontier of power -teoksesta. Kirja panee pöydälle uuden teorian ajanmukaisimmasta kapitalismista ja esittää vallanvaihdoksen uusliberalismista valvontakapitalismiin. Ilmiön alkujuuret sekä seurannaisvaikutukset tulevat olemaan tämän maisterintyön polttopisteessä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tulevaisuudentutkimuksen tieteenalan taustaa ja sitoumuksia puntaroidaan pintapuolisesti…

Mikrobilääkeresistenssi on lisääntynyt erityisen huolestuttavasti matalan tulotason maissa, joista puuttuu kontrolloitu mikrobilääkepolitiikka ja joissa on heikko infrastruktuuri. Riittämättömät hygieniakäytännöt yhdistettynä mikrobien nopeaan evoluutioon herättävät huolen taudinaiheuttajien resistenssistä yhä useammalle mikrobilääkkeelle. Mikrobilääkeresistenssigeenejä kantavien bakteereiden leviämistä ympäristöön edesauttavat erilaiset jätevedet, joita käytetään laajalti kasteluvesinä kaupunkiviljelyssä Saharan eteläpuolisessa Afrikassa. Tässä tutkimuksessa kerättiin kahdeksan antropogeenistä vesinäytettä Burkina Fasosta ja Malista ja niiden mikrobiyhteisöjä kuvailtiin ja eroja arvioitiin 16S rRNA-geenin sekvenssien perusteella. Mikrobilääkeresistenssigeenien esiintymistä näytteissä tutkittiin SmartChip qPCR:n avulla. Lisäksi neljän resistenssigeenin, blaNDM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA ja qacE∆1:n isäntäkirjoa profiloitiin hiljattain kehitetyllä molekulaarisiin menetelmiin perustuvalla epicPCR-menetelmällä (eng. Emulsion, Paired Isolation and Concatenation PCR). Yhteensä 202 erilaista…

Polarisoituneet asenteet, väkivaltainen ekstremismi ja terrorismin uhka ovat yhä näkyvämpiä ilmiöitä suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa. Vaikka väkivaltaisen radikalisoitumisen ennaltaehkäisyyn on laadittu myös Suomessa toimenpideohjelma, jossa esitetyistä toimenpiteistä monet koskevat nimenomaan nuoria, toistaiseksi tiedetään varsin vähän siitä, mitä nuoret itse ajattelevat radikalisoitumiseen liittyvistä uhkakuvista ja niiden ennaltaehkäisystä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelemme syksyn 2017 psykologian ylioppilaskokeessa tuotettuja vastauksia (n = 3 337) koekysymykseen, jonka otsikkona oli ”Radikalisoitumisen arvioiminen”. Analyysissä erityisenä mielenkiinnon kohteena oli se, millaisena lukiolaisnuoret näkevät oppilaitosten tarjoaman koulutuksen merkityksen radikalisoitumisen ennaltaehkäisyssä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että lukiolaisnuoret liittävät radikalisoitumisen ennaltaehkäisemisen vahvasti yhteiskunnan tarjoamaan laaja-alaisen tukeen, kognitiivisten valmiuksien kehittämiseen ja yhteisöllisyyden kokemukseen. Vastaukset korostavat oppilaitosten merkitystä tiedollisina ja…

Ilmastonmuutoksella on ennustettu olevan kohtalokkaita seurauksia trooppisten alueiden hauraille ekosysteemeille, ja se uhkaa sekä maailmanlaajuista biodiversiteettiä että miljoonien ihmisten ruokaturvaa. Metsien on havaittu puskuroivan ilmaston lämpenemistä, ja mikroilmastolliset olosuhteet puiden latvustojen alla eroavat merkittävästi ympäröivästä makroilmastosta. Puut viilentävät lähiympäristöään monien biofysikaalisten mekanismien avulla, ja viilentävä vaikutus on havaittavissa myös metsän ulkopuolella kasvavilla puilla. Kaukokartoitus tarjoaa uusia mahdollisuuksia tutkia, kuinka topografia ja latvuspeite vaikuttavat lämpötiloihin sekä paikallisesti että alueellisesti. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia latvuspeitteen vaikutusta mikroilmastoon ja maan pinnan lämpötilaan Kenian Taitavuorilla. Eri latvuspeiton omaaville paikoille asennettiin 19 mikroilmaston mittaamiseen tarkoitettua sensoria, jotka tallensivat lämpötilaa. Lisäksi käytettiin Landsat 8 lämpöinfrapunasensorin (TIRS) tallentamaa dataa maan pinnan lämpötilasta (LST). Tutkimuksessa keskityttiin erityisesti…

Indigenous peoples and local communities’ traditional knowledge are essential for the protection of global biodiversity as 80 % of the global biodiversity lies within land managed by indigenous peoples. Traditional knowledge has been misappropriated since before the 15th century. Today, traditional knowledge is misappropriated when corporate entities monopolise and patent the knowledge, without the communities’ approval. Knowledge is also lost due to environmental disruption by development and infrastructure projects. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol protects traditional knowledge through access and benefit-sharing obligations. The Nagoya Protocol further holds an obligation to consider community protocols, in accordance with domestic laws, when implementing state obligations concerning access and benefit-sharing. As it is only the Nagoya Protocol that directly refers to community protocols and only as an obligation to consider them in accordance with domestic law, the benefit of community protocols and their ability to protect traditional knowledge,…

Johdanto Alhaisen ja keskituloluokan maissa, kuten Keniassa, lasten ja nuorten ravitsemuksesta tiedetään hyvin vähän. Kun maa on siirtymässä alhaisen tuloluokan maasta keskituloluokan maaksi, virheravitsemuksen riski moninkertaistuu. Tällöin väestössä ja samassa kotitaloudessa voi esiintyä samanaikaisesti sekä ali- että yliravitsemusta ja ravinnonpuutteita. Tästä johtuen on tärkeää saada lisää tietoa lasten ja nuorten ravitsemuksesta ja ruoankäytöstä sekä niissä tapahtuvista muutoksista. Jotta lasten ja nuorten ruoankulutusta voidaan mitata tarkasti ja luotettavasti, heidän täytyy osata luotettavasti arvioida ruoka-annostensa koko. Annoskoon arviointi tarkentuu lasten käyttäessä annoskuvakirjaa, jossa on ikäryhmälle sopivia annoskuvia. Tavoitteet Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää annoskuvakirja tukemaan 9–14-vuotiaiden nairobilaisten lasten annoskokojen arviointia ruoankäyttöfrekvenssikyselyn yhteydessä. Toinen tavoite oli selvittää 9–14-vuotiaiden lasten sekä kenialaisten ravitsemustieteilijöiden näkemystä kehitetyn annoskuvakirjan hyväksyttävyydestä ja käytettävyydestä.…

Jo vuosikymmenien ajan japanilaiset ovat yhä enenevässä määrin etääntyneet politiikasta. Erityisesti nuoret ovat poliittisesti apaattisia. He näkevät politiikan riitaisena, vaikeana, ja merkityksettömänä heidän elämälleen. Tämä tutkielma tarkastelee nuorten tokiolaisten muodostaman luovan yhteisön liikettä, joka pyrkii torjumaan tämän kaltaisia negatiivisia merkityksiä tekemällä politiikasta normaalin ja trendikkään osan nuorisokulttuuria ja jokapäiväistä elämää. Tutkimus keskittyy kolmeen mediaan joiden kautta tavoitetta pyritään edistämään: NEUT Magazine, HIGH(er) Magazine ja Making-Love Club. Nämä edustavat jatkuvuutta aiemmalle SEALDs (Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy) opiskelijaliikkeelle, joka myös pyrki normalisoimaan politiikkaan osallistumisen. SEALDs liike toimi lyhyesti vuosina 2015-2016, aikana, jota on kuvattu konfrontatiivisen politiikan uudelleennousuna vuoden 2011 Fukushiman ydinvoimalaonnettomuuden jälkeen. Tämän tutkielman mukaan poliittinen apatia Japanissa on seurausta vuosikymmeniä jatkuneelle prosessille, jossa vastakkainasetteluun perustuva…

Organisaatiot ottavat pilvitekniikoita ja -palveluita käyttöönsä yhä laajemmin. Merkittävä osa pilvipalveluiden kasvusta johtuu nykyisten sovellusten siirtämisestä pilvipalveluun. Olemassa olevien vanhojen sovellusten siirtäminen pilvipalvelualustaan ei ole triviaali tehtävä. Migraatiomenetelmät tehostavat sovellusten siirtoa pilvialustoille ja vähentävät siirrosta aiheutuvia riskejä käyttäen vakioituja prosessimalleja. Keskeinen osa pilvimigraatioprosessia on valita sopivin strategia pilvimigraatiolle useiden vaihtoehtoisten tilanteesta riippuvien vaihtoehtojen joukosta. Migraatiostrategia määrittelee keskeiset migraatioprosessin vaiheet sekä käytettävän pilviarkkitehtuurin sekä palvelumallit. Nykyiset pilven migraatiomenetelmät eivät erityisesti huomioi tai määrittele migraatiostrategian valintaa määrääviä tekijöitä. Migraatiostrategian valinta on kriittinen osa pilvimigraation suunnittelua, johon tyypillisesti osallistuu useita eri organisaatioita ja asiantuntijoita. Tässä opinnäytetyössä esitetään ryhmittely sekä tekijät, jotka ohjaavat pilvimigraatiostrategian valintaa. Tekijät…

Tausta: Ruokavalion ja fyysisen aktiivisuuden yhteyttä on pääosin tutkittu korkeatuloisissa maissa ja toistaiseksi yhtään tutkimusta ei ole tehty Keniassa, vaikka epäterveelliset elintavat ovat nousussa ja voivat aiheuttaa suuremman riskin matala- ja keskituloisissa maissa kuin korkeatuloisissa. Menetelmät: Otanta koostuu 9-14-vuotiaasta lapsesta (N=104), jotka asuvat joko keski- tai matalatuloisella alueella Nairobissa. Ruokavaliodata kerättiin 7 päivän ruokavaliokyselyllä ja fyysinen aktiivisuus mitattiin kiihdytinanturilla. Ruokavaliomallit muodostettiin pääkomponenttianalyysillä ja ruokavalion monipuolisuusarvo laskemalla ruokaryhmät, joita käytettiin päivittäin. Tilastomenetelmänä käytettiin lineaarista regressioanalyysiä, jossa varallisuusindeksi, ikä, sukupuoli, asuinalue ja painoindeksi olivat sekoittavina tekijöinä. Tulokset: Keskiraskaan ja raskaan liikunnan (MVPA) määrä oli heikosti ja negatiivisesti yhteydessä Välipalat, pikaruoka ja liha -ruokavaliomalliin itsenäisesti sekä yhdessä iän ja sukupuolen kanssa ja merkitsevästi yhdessä painoindeksin kanssa (p=0.041), kun…

Anomaly detection is an important task in many domains such as maritime where it is used to detect, for example, unsafe, unexpected or criminal behaviour. This thesis studies the use of deep autoencoders for anomaly detection on high dimensional data in an unsupervised manner. The study is performed on a benchmark data set and a real-life AIS (Automatic Tracking System) data set containing actual ship trajectories. The ships’ trajectories in the AIS data set are a form of time-series data, and therefore recurrent layers are used in an autoencoder to allow the model to capture temporal dependencies in the data. An autoencoder is a neural network architecture where an encoder network produces an encoding and decoder network takes the encoding intending to produce the original input. An encoding is a compressed fixed-sized vector presentation of the original input. Since the encoding is used by the decoder to construct the original input, the model learns during the training process to store essential information of the input sequence to the encoding. Autoencoders can be used to detect…

As a result of urbanization and climate change, cities are facing various ecological and social challenges. For instance, flooding, pollution, urban heat island, decreased biodiversity, and mental stress of city dwellers are well recognized challenges of urban spaces. Urban green spaces are increasingly important in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change, such as flooding due to precipitation extremes, and also providing various other ecosystem services. In order to ensure sustainable land use and provision of ecosystem services, it is essential to develop methods for effective urban green space mapping. As a result, there is a growing demand for micro-scale land cover maps for urban areas. Emerging technologies, such as Object Based Image Analysis, OBIA, and light detection and ranging, LiDAR, offer promising possibilities for efficient mapping of green spaces in the urban environment. The aim of this thesis was to develop a semi-automatic method for urban green space mapping and classification. The other major task was to study the added benefits of light detection and…