The 100 most-cited articles in Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja, 2018

An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty

Teachers’ competence in launching and managing pedagogical change collaboratively is crucial for the continuous development of their work as well as for meaningful student learning. However, research on how teachers can thrive in their profession in the changing higher education environment is limited. This study investigated the experiences of teachers in managing pedagogical innovation when working as a team and implementing integrated competence-based learning modules. Strengthfocused concepts like collective efficacy and resilience were used to extend the understanding of the phenomenon. Five teacher teams were analyzed in relation to the change itself, as well as to protective and risk factors that had an impact on teachers’ collective efficacy and resilience to the change. The data consisted of group interviews and individual questionnaires collected during the process. The findings indicate that stronger collaboration creates significant changes in teachers’ work and students’ learning, and success is based on teacher teams’ capacity to craft their common work practices.

Due to an impressive evolution of the AI technologies within the last few decades it has become an integral part of everyday life called for improving and facilitating it. Yet, as a result of this evolutionary process AI’s activity nowadays contains features which require legal regulation in the course of its application. Such request was recognized by the EU legislator. In 2017, the EP voiced a possibility of introducing of a legal status of electronic person for the sufficiently sophisticated robots. Specialists in this sphere, however, gave a hostile reception to such an initiative claiming that legal personhood of AI cannot be fit into the current legal paradigm. The latest EU initiatives pertaining to the legal regulation of AI application reveal that the electronic person is not on the EU’s agenda anymore. This work is dedicated to a negation of the above claim of AI specialists by demonstrating that there are no unsurmountable obstacles for conferring legal personhood on the sufficiently sophisticated AI even though it should not be considered as a person from the…

Authors and institutions participating in making the FINRES-Vet report: Finnish Food Authority: Suvi Nykäsenoja, Satu Olkkola, Marie Verkola, Mia Biström, Thomas Grönthal, Tiina Autio, Liisa Kaartinen, Mirja Raunio-Saarnisto Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea: Katariina Kivilahti-Mäntylä, Tita-Maria Muhonen Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki: Katarina Eskola

The bat fauna of arid regions is still poorly studied mostly due to a lack of interest in areas with low species richness and a low number of threatened species. In this study, we reviewed the status of bat diversity in the arid parts of southern Africa, with the aim of setting up a baseline for future work. In particular, we described species richness patterns across four arid zones within the region (Namib Desert, Kalahari, Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo), exploring abiotic gradients and local landscape structure. Additionally, we examined bat functional groups in this region and compared them with those of three other arid regions of the world to identify potential similarities and differences. The southern African arid region hosted 17 bat species, representing eight families, of which three are endemic to the region (Rhinolophus denti, Laephotis namibensis and Cistugo seabrae) and one is vagrant (the fruit bat Eidolon helvum). Species richness varied spatially within this arid region, being highest in the drier but topographically heterogeneous Namib Desert, probably as a…

The article examines the status of geography education within Finnish upper secondary schools. During the past few years, there have been many reforms which have affected how much geography ought to be taught and the teaching methods for doing so. In this article, the general aims of the upper secondary geography and content of the compulsory geography course are analysed from the perspective of powerful disciplinary knowledge. The empirical data set was collected through an online survey, which was filled out by 63 Finnish geography teachers in September 2017. The results show that even though the compulsory course in geography was regarded as being important and student-oriented, teachers felt that there were too many geographical phenomena to teach and too many time-consuming digital methods to be used. Teachers highlighted the importance of critical reflection and geographical thinking in the aims of geography curriculum, and they had a positive attitude towards emphasis on current issues in the compulsory course. Many respondents expressed their concern about the fragmented…

I Have Learned by Doing Archaeological and Ethnographic Studies in Japan Why We Fight, with Humility What Is It All For? Archaeology and Global

Our pedagogic developing project, ImproStory, addresses improvisation and storytelling. We study how these two concepts could be applied in arts and crafts education for both primary and Kindergarten (daycare) teachers. The majority of our data consists of digital questionnaires in basic arts and crafts studies of primary pre-service teachers (N=323). Additional data (portfolios) contain a group of Kindergarten and primary pre-service teachers with a focus in visual arts (N=8). All data were collected at the University of Helsinki (Finland) during the academic year 2014–2015. According to our study, pre-service teachers consider improvisation and storytelling to be beneficial skills. They see developing them as necessary and useful. Experimenting and learning the approach appear to strengthen pre-service teachers’ collaboration and allow them to build independence, trust, and self-confidence within arts and crafts education. In addition, improvisation and storytelling helps them to recognize their individual creative potential.

Monolithic architecture has been the standard way to architect applications for years. Monolithic applications use a single codebase which makes the deploying and development easier without adding any additional complexity as long as the size of the application stays relatively small. When the size of the codebase grows the architecture might deteriorate. This slows down the development and making it harder to on-board new developers. Microservice architecture is a novel architecture style that tries to solve these issues in larger codebases. Microservice architecture consists of multiple small autonomous services that are deployed and developed separately. Microservice architecture enables more fine-grained scaling and makes it possible to have faster development cycles by decreasing the amount of regression testing that is needed, because each of the services can be deployed and updated separately from each other. Microservice architecture provides also multiple new challenges that have to be solved in order to get the benefit from them. These challenges are such as the handling…

LÄHTÖKOHDAT: Lääkärien arvioita potilastietojärjestelmistä on kartoitettu vuosina 2010 ja 2014. Tämä tutkimus jatkaa seurantaa ja tarkastelee lisäksi organisaatioiden välistä tiedonkulkua. MENETELMÄT: Sähköinen kyselylomake lähetettiin keväällä 2017 alle 65-vuotiaille Suomessa asuville lääkäreille. Potilastietojärjestelmiä arvioitiin kouluarvosanoin (4–10) ja tiedonkulkua seitsemän väittämän avulla. TULOKSET: Arvosanojen keskiarvo oli parantunut edelliseen tutkimukseen verrattuna; sairaaloissa työskentelevien lääkärien antamat arvosanat olivat korkeampia kuin aiemmin. Tietojen saatavuus toisesta organisaatiosta koettiin edelleen heikoksi lukuun ottamatta laboratorio- ja radiologisia tuloksia. Tilanne ei ole juuri parantunut vuodesta 2014, vaikka Kanta-palvelut ovat tulleet laajalti käyttöön. PÄÄTELMÄT: Potilastietojärjestelmissä on havaittavissa pientä parannusta. Kehittämistyötä on kuitenkin jatkettava ja potilastietojen saatavuutta sujuvoitettava, jotta terveydenhuoltojärjestelmä toimii tehokkaasti, erityisesti tulevan sote-uudistuksen jälkeen.

Previous studies show that people with poor health have a lower propensity to vote. With individual-level register data on sickness allowance episodes and voting in three Finnish elections, we address the following questions: (1) What degree of sickness allowance days negatively influences turnout? (2) Are sickness absences on election day more harmful than absences that occur before the elections? (3) What is the effect of cumulative sickness allowance spells before the elections over a period of several years? We use a threefold categorisation approach, which differentiates between immediate, short-term and long-term health effects on voting. The results show that multiple sickness allowance spells over several years are more strongly connected to turnout than health problems experienced only in the year prior to the elections. Falling ill at the time of the elections had no consistent additional negative relationship with voting. We suggest that the demobilising effects of immediate health problems are associated with tangible factors, while long-term effects are related to…

I present examples of the use of Sasha Madronich's Quick TUV Calculator at UCAR together with the R packages in the R for Photobiology suite to produce plots of the solar spectrum and plots and tables of derived quantities and summaries. The article includes as supplements an instructional video on the use of the Quick TUV Calculator to simulate the solar spectrum at different geographic and time coordinates and under different atmospheric conditions including the thickness of the ozone column. The R code and data are supplied so that the code examples can be reproduced and adapted.

For a long time, information systems have been designed to provide organizational utility, efficiency, and cost reduction. As technological advancement took place, information systems grew to further facilitate personal productivity and entertainment. Out of modern systems, games have an extraordinary reach in modern society. That reach eventually became too significant to ignore without systematic study. While many individuals recognize the value of and need for hard work in life, many—perhaps all—do not wish to live in a universe of pure work or passive engagement with their life’s activities. In that light, scholars began investigating game design as a means to attain enjoyment and motivation in mundane life activities, giving birth to the gamification movement as we know it today. As a design and research stream, gamification refers to the design of systems, services, and processes to provide “gameful” experiences—psychological experiences, similar to those provided by games—to positively influence engagement with mundane life activities. While the user benefits reported from…

Parental immune experience can enhance offspring defence mechanisms towards prevalent pathogens in the surrounding environment. This process of inherited resistance from one generation to another is known as trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) in invertebrates. In sedentary and dense insect societies, such as ant colonies, TGIP can influence colony survival and fitness upon pathogen outbreaks. However, TGIP appears to depend on species and environmental stressors and therefore can vary in intensity, as well as in the molecular mechanisms leading to resistance. Here, we stimulated the immune system of queens of the ant Formica fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) by wounding or injecting dead conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912). The offspring were subsequently infected with B. bassiana, and the effect of this priming on survival was evaluated. Furthermore, we investigated whether immune challenge of the mother queen induces changes in the expression of immunity-related genes in queens themselves and their brood. We combined this information…

Artikkelissa käydään kriittisesti läpi itämerensuomalais-saamelaisina etymologisina vastineina pidetyt sanat, joissa esiintyy toisen tavun labiaalivokaali molemmissa kieliryhmissä. Suomen sanojen alkuperä -teoksesta (SSA, 1992–2000) peräisin olevaa aineistoa arvioidaan uralilaisen kielihistorian ja kielikontaktien viimeaikaisen tutkimuksen valossa. Analyysin perusteella yli puolet SSA:n esittämistä rinnastuksista ei ole vartalovokaaliaan myöten todellisia etymologisia vastineita vaan lainakontaktien ja erilaisten rinnakkaiskehitysten tuloksia. Vastinepareista kymmenkunta on kuitenkin sellaisia, jotka äännesuhteiden perusteella kiistatta palautuvat yhteiseen kantakieleen, mikä viittaa siihen, että jälkitavun labiaalivokaaleja olisi ollut jo yhteisessä suomalais-saamelaisessa kantakielessä, vaikkakin niiden laajempi leviäminen kyseisten kielten äänne- ja muotojärjestelmiin olisi tapahtunut vasta myöhemmin.

Finnish plankton monitoring is divided into phytoplankton and mesozooplankton sampling. Using the phytoplankton protocol, we included all organisms identified in samples from the Baltic Sea during spring (n = 125). The plankton was converted to carbon, and including all microscopy derived carbon (MDC), increased the carbon content by 22%, on average, compared with only phytoplankton. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were also measured, and the general relationship between MDC and POC was: slope = 1.04, intercept = 240 µg POC l–1, R2 = 0.66; for phytoplankton to Chl a: 0.037g Chl a (g MDC)–1, R2 = 0.68. Our results demonstrate that a variable fraction of the plankton biomass is not recorded in the monitoring programs. Most of the unaccounted biomass was ciliates, which constituted 14.1% ± 3.7% (mean ± maximum error) of the plankton biomass. Based on the results we recommend including microzooplankton in the existing phytoplankton monitoring program.

The purpose of this study was to survey Finns' conceptions of appropriate punishments in seven criminal cases and to compare these survey responses with the pre vailing punishment policies for corresponding cases. The population survey was conducted in the form of an interview and it comprised 1,251 respondents. The punish ment policies were studied in a separate survey sent to district judges, 192 of whom completed it. The same seven criminal cases were described to the respondents in both groups. The lay respondents were asked to determine a punishment that they deemed to be appropriate, whereas the judges were asked to determine a punishment according to Finnish punishment policies. The cases involved the following acts (the type of offence referred to in the court ruling in the actual case underlying the survey questions is indicated in brackets): * Violence in a public place (aggravated assault) * Sexual intercourse with a child (sexual abuse of a child) * Forced sexual intercourse with someone who was asleep (rape) * Violence in a close relationship (assault) * Trafficking and…

Various interventions have been employed to mitigate livestock predation by lions and other carnivores. Livestock owners have typically employed lethal and/or non-lethal measures with varied successes and failures. Resolving the human-carnivore conflict is key to the survival of carnivores and ensuring local livelihoods and safety. Here we assess the effectiveness of placing LED lighting systems at bomas (livestock enclosures) in order to deter predator attacks at night in two group ranches surrounding Amboseli National Park, southern Kenya. Both the number of predatory attacks and the number of livestock killed were significantly lower after the LED lighting system was installed, compared to the period before the LED system was installed for the same boma, or compared to the control group. LED lights reduced the number of attacks on livestock in bomas by almost threefold, and reduced the number of livestock killed by over four times from the levels recorded before the LED lights were installed. The results provide clear evidence that the LED system, as installed at bomas in the…

In one of the Late Mesolithic graves at Skateholm, Sweden, dating from 5500–4800 BC, was buried a woman together with a newborn baby. Altogether 32 perforated wild boar (Sus scrofa) teeth, along with traces of red ochre pigment, were found in this grave. We interpreted these artefacts as a rattling ornament decorating a baby pouch of leather coloured with red ochre. We made an experimental reconstruction and found out that the tooth pendants rattle against one another when the pouch is carried, for example, rocked to and fro. The reconstruction currently is on display in the European Music Archaeology Project’s travelling exhibition on archaeological instruments.

Species distribution models estimate the relationship between species occurrences and environmental and spatial characteristics. Herein, we used maximum entropy distribution modelling (MaxEnt) for predicting the potential distribution of the Plateau Snake Skink Ophiomorus nuchalis on the Iranian Plateau, using a small number of occurrence records (i.e. 10) and environmental variables derived from remote sensing. The MaxEnt model had a high success rate according to test AUC scores (0.912). A remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (39.1%), and precipitation of the driest month (15.4%) were the most important environmental variables that explained the geographical distribution of O. nuchalis. Our results are congruent with previous studies suggesting that suitable habitat of O. nuchalis is limited to the central Iranian Plateau, although mountain ranges in western and eastern Iran might be environmentally suitable but not accessible.

Exponential growth of Internet of Things complicates the network management in terms of security and device troubleshooting due to the heterogeneity of IoT devices. In the absence of a proper device identification mechanism, network administrators are unable to limit unauthorized accesses, locate vulnerable/rogue devices or assess the security policies applicable to these devices. Hence identifying the devices connected to the network is essential as it provides important insights about the devices that enable proper application of security measures and improve the efficiency of device troubleshooting. Despite the fact that active device fingerprinting reveals in depth information about devices, passive device fingerprinting has gained focus as a consequence of the lack of cooperation of devices in active fingerprinting. We propose a passive, feature based device identification technique that extracts features from a sequence of packets during the initial startup of a device and then uses machine learning for classification. Proposed system improves the average device prediction…

Transboundary freshwater systems create inevitable linkages and interdependencies between countries. The use of shared water resources by one country will, in most cases, impact other countries sharing the same system. At the same time, coordination among countries in the development of transboundary basins can yield greater benefits than would be available to individual countries pursuing individual development. UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 Target 5 recognizes this potential, calling on the world community to implement integrated water resources management at all levels, ‘including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate’. With a growing number of basins in which water use and demand permanently or temporarily exceeds the amount of renewable water available, and uncertainty from climate change, SDG Target 6.5 becomes increasingly relevant to development interventions designed to secure availability of supplies and create resilience. This is a companion document to the study "Promoting Development in Shared River Basins: Tools for Enhancing Transboundary Basin…

Huuli- ja suulakihalkiot ovat yleisimpiä kasvojen alueen synnynnäisiä kehityshäiriöitä. Suomessa hoitoon hakeutuu vuosittain noin 120 uutta halkiopotilasta. Osalle halkiopotilaista kehittyy keskikasvojen ja yläleuan kasvuhäiriö sekä ristipurenta. Tämä saadaan nykyisillä ortognaattiskirurgisilla menetelmillä hyvin korjattua. Riskinä on kuitenkin, että puhe huononee ja velofaryngeaalinen insuffisienssi (puheen nenäsointisuus) korostuu. Toistaiseksi ei voida vielä luotettavasti preoperatiivisesti arvioida maksillaosteotomian vaikutusta puheeseen. Nykyinen tutkimus toteutettiin, jotta voitaisiin paremmin ennakoida maksillaosteotomiohin liittyviä puheen muutoksia halkiopotilailla. Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin retrospektiivisesti halkiopotilaiden yläleuan kirurgisen siirron määrän vaikutusta potilaiden puheeseen. Tutkimus on retrospektiivinen kohorttitutkimus. Tutkimusaineisto koostui HUS:n Huuli- suulakihalkiokeskuksen potilaista (n=93), joille oli tehty yläleuan kirurginen eteenpäin siirto purennan ja kasvojen mittasuhteiden korjaamiseksi vuosien 2002 ja 2016 välisenä aikana. Aineiston 21…

The great amount of both academic and political interest towards subjective well-being causes also demand for a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the concept. Hence, in the present thesis, a longitudinal data analysis about the relationship between subjective well-being and objective well-being outcomes and opportunities is conducted. The indicators for subjective well-being are happiness and life satisfaction. The indicators for objective well-being are operationalised from two theories. The first theory is Richard Layard’s (2011) Seven Causes for Happiness, which helps to define objective well-being outcomes that may be associated with one’s subjective well-being. The Seven causes for happiness are family relationships, financial situation, work, community and friends, health, per-sonal freedom and personal values. The second theory is the capability approach by Amartya Sen (1993), which enables to study the difference between outcomes and opportunities. The capabilities are mostly about satisfaction in different domains in life (satisfaction with partner, job,…

The present study provides a comprehensive synthesis of secondary data from available web-based published articles. Some stakeholders including community members, environmental and community NGOs, universities, research institutions, development agencies, donors are involved in the utilization of coastal services. The ecosystem services of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are in danger due to overfishing, destructive fishing methods, sedimentation, and pollution. Hence, it is essential to utilize the resources sustainably for the betterment of coastal community livelihoods to receive continuous ecosystem services.

Talousarvion laadintaan tarvitaan sukupuolinäkökulmaa, sillä talousarvio ja muut julkiseen talouteen liittyvät päätökset vaikuttavat eri mies- ja naisryhmiin eri tavoin ja voivat joko edistää tai heikentää tasaarvoa. Tasa-arvoa talousarvioon -tutkimushankkeessa 1) selvitettiin talousarvion sukupuolivaikutusten arvioinnin ja sukupuolitietoisen budjetoinnin hyviä käytäntöjä muissa maissa, 2) kehitettiin menetelmiä talousarvion sukupuolivaikutusten arviointiin ja arvioitiin menetelmiä hyödyntäen Juha Sipilän hallituksen talousarvioiden suoria ja epäsuoria sukupuolivaikutuksia, 3) tehtiin suosituksia talousarvion sukupuolivaikutusten arvioinnin ja sukupuolitietoisen budjetoinnin kehittämiseksi Suomen valtionhallinnossa. Tutkimushankkeessa on kehitetty tasa-arvotutkimukseen, taloustieteelliseen tutkimukseen ja mikrosimulointiosaamiseen perustuen menetelmiä vero- ja etuusmuutosten, julkisen palveluiden muutosten ja työllisyysvaikutusten sukupuolinäkökulmaiseen arviointiin. Sekä menetelmät että niihin perustuvat arvioinnit ottavat sukupuolen ohella huomioon muita tekijöitä, kuten iän,…

Contemporary welfare states actively promote their key values and goals, such as gender equality and high employment. In family policy, these goals are pursued with allocated parental leave for both parents and subsidized day care services, for instance. However, it is known from previous research that parental leave is divided less equally between parents in immigrant families than in other families, and children with immigrant background participate less in centre-based day care despite the evidence that they would benefit from it the most. This study sets out to scrutinize immigrant families’ care choices and their determinants in Finland and Sweden. The study is based on comprehensive administrative register data, and the choices are observed from the take-up of different benefits. Economic and demographic factors are considered through regression analysis. Immigrant fathers in both Finland and Sweden show clearly lower take-up rates of paternity and parental leave than native-born fathers. Generally, though, the take-up rates of immigrant fathers are much higher in Sweden than…

En raison des différences en matière de définitions, de sources de données et de procédures judiciaires, comparer les homicides perpétrés dans les pays européens n’est pas une tâche aisée. Face à ces limites, nous avons établi une base de données commune sur les homicides en Europe (EHM). La Finlande, les Pays-Bas et la Suède sont les trois pays fondateurs de cette base de données ; toutefois, des actions ont été menées en vue de mettre en oeuvre cet outil dans d’autres pays d’Europe. Dans ce document, nous présentons cet ensemble de données ainsi qu’une récente analyse de l’un des types d’homicides les plus répandus : l’homicide conjugal. Ces résultats montrent que l’EHM, en tant que base de données commune, fournit une occasion unique de surveiller de près, et de manière détaillée, divers types d’homicides à travers l’Europe

The Archean Hattu schist belt in eastern Finland is host to several orogenic gold occurrences. One of these deposits is the Pampalo gold deposit located in Hattu, Ilomantsi. Major and trace element characteristics of biotite and chlorite were analyzed from a representative collection of rock types of different degrees of alteration from the Pampalo deposit. The main aim of this study was identifying possible correlation of changes in the elemental composition of biotite and chlorite with distance to gold ore mineralization and testing the two minerals’ use as proxies for mineralization in Pampalo. Biotite and chlorite were chosen for being represented in altered and unaltered ore and adjacent country rock units. Samples were prepared from half and quarter drill core rocks and analyzed with hyperspectral imaging, electron micro probe analysis (EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). Hyperspectral imaging and thin section microscopy were used for mineral identification and mineral grain sampling. EMPA and LA-ICP-MS data found weak correlation…

Tavoitteet. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selventää pelon ja ahdistuksen yhteyttä poliittisiin asenteisiin. On ehdotettu, että yksilölliset erot poliittisessa ideologiassa kumpuavat eroista uhkaherkkyydessä ja että konservatiivinen poliittinen ideologia toimii puolustuskeinona psykologisia uhkia vastaan. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on saatu kuitenkin viitteitä siitä, että uhkareaktioista nimenomaan pelko, ei ahdistus, vaikuttaisi poliittisten asenteiden taustalla. On myös epäselvää, liittyykö uhka poliittiseen ideologiaan laajemmin, vai vain asenteisiin tietyissä poliittisissa kysymyksissä. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelen ennustavatko ahdistushäiriöoireet, jotka heijastelevat eroja pelokkuudessa ja ahdistuneisuudessa, erilaisia poliittisia asenteita. Menetelmät. Tutkimuksen otos koostui 5819 vuonna 1958 syntyneestä isobritannialaisesta. Yleistyneen ahdistushäiriön, fobioiden ja paniikkihäiriön oireita arvioitiin 44-vuoden iässä ja mielipiteitä poliittisissa kysymyksissä kuusi vuotta myöhemmin. Poliittisten mielipiteiden jakautumista eri asennedimensioihin tarkasteltiin ensin…

This paper analyzes accuracy in authentic telephone-interpreting data in which the migrant and the interpreter communicate in French as a lingua franca, namely a language that is not their first language. The data consists of an interview conducted by a law-enforcement officer in Finland. The analysis is based on the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions of language theorized within systemic-functional grammar. The analysis shows that the particularities of both telephone-mediated interpreting and lingua-franca interpreting engender significant communication problems. As a result, accuracy is not achieved, and the interpreter has to use strategies that are questionable in terms of the codes of conduct of community and legal interpreters. The interpreter is an active agent in the co-construction, maintenance, and erasure of indexical meanings such as speaker identities. In addition, due to linguistic and contextual constraints, the interpreter takes a prominent role as a coordinator of turns. The paper suggests that interpreters’ deontological codes are based on…

In this paper we discuss postverbal subjects in Italian direct wh-questions. We show that, in this context, subject inversion is not determined by the information-structural, semantic, or pragmatic conditions that rule ‘free’ subject inversion in declarative clauses: it is rather the consequence of a purely syntactic mechanism, namely, successive cyclic wh-movement, which directly affects the syntactic position of the subject, as well as the prosody of the sentence (in particular, the distribution of the nuclear pitch accent). We propose that the movement of the wh-element to the local CP inhibits the position SubjP, which hosts preverbal subjects in Italian. This syntactic restriction, we argue, is due to a case of relativized minimality: given that the preverbal subject would count as an intervener that blocks wh-movement, SubjP is not projected in the syntactic structure of wh-questions and the subject must obligatorily occur postverbally.

Offshore wind deployment around the UK is due to increase from the current 8GW to 30GW in the next ten years along with ambitious plans for offshore wind development elsewhere in Europe.Development in the marine environment may affect marine bird populations.Redthroated divers are known to be displaced, causing effective habitat loss, by construction and operation of offshore wind farms, with this effect primarily seen during the non-breeding season when divers use areas of offshore wind development.However, the energetic, physiological and demographic consequences of displacement are currently unknown.If divers are already energetically constrained in the non-breeding season, they may struggle to meet the additional energetic demands following displacement.The aim of the Redthroated Diver Energetics Project (https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/rtde-project/) is to collect and compare novel data on foraging and movement behaviour of red-throated divers in the breeding and non-breeding season.In 2018, the Red-throated Diver Energetics Project tagged 74 divers breeding in Iceland, Orkney,…

Author: Harju, J. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Issued: 2018-10; Keywords: minor planets, asteroids: general, minor planets, asteroids: individual: 372 Palma, techniques: interferometric; Title: Radio Interferometric Observation of an Asteroid Occultation

Mediakohut ja -skandaalit ovat nousseet merkittäväksi osaksi julkista keskustelukulttuuriamme. Tässä artikkelissa tutkimme sosiaalisen median kohuja hybridin mediatilan sekä affektiivisen julkisuuden käsitteiden kautta. Kysymme, minkälaisissa keskustelijoiden ja tunteiden kokoonpanoissa kohut syntyvät ja kehittyvät? Minkälaista on provokaation rakentama julkisuus verkkokeskusteluissa? Aineisto koostuu julkisista suomenkielisestä sosiaalisen median viesteistä, joissa on käytetty hashtagina eli aihetunnisteena yhdyssanaa, joka päättyy sanaan ’kohu’ tai ’gate’ vuosilta 2015–2017. Rajaus tuotti 71 665 viestiä, joista valtaosa Twitteristä. Verkostoanalyysin avulla rakensimme yleiskuvan kohujen teemoista ja keskustelijoista, minkä jälkeen eniten keskustelua herättäneet kohut kustakin verkoston klusterista poimittiin laadulliseen analyysiin. Tulokset osoittavat, että sosiaalinen media jakautuu erityyppisten kohujen muodostamiin aiheyhteisöihin. Suurin klusteri muodostuu politiikan ja journalismin kohujen ympärille. Lisäksi muun muassa urheilu- ja tasa-arvoteemat erottuvat omina…

Let be a universal class with categorical in a regular with arbitrarily large models, and let be the class of all for which there is such that . We prove that is totally categorical (i.e., ?-categorical for all ) and for . This result is partially stronger and partially weaker than a related result due to Vasey. In addition to small differences in our categoricity transfer results, we provide a shorter and simpler proof. In the end we prove the main theorem of this paper: the models of are essentially vector spaces (or trivial, i.e., disintegrated).

The Roman army was actively present in the Eastern Desert of Egypt in the 2nd century CE, from Trajan to Antoninus Pius. Soldiers lived in small forts, called praesidia, along the roads from the Red Sea to Nile. Results of numerous desert surveys indicate that the Roman route system in the Eastern Desert was elaborate and sophisticated. As well as by Egyptians the roads were also used by speakers of other languages, e.g. Nabateans, Arameans, but also speakers of North Arabic and South Arabic varieties and languages of the Balkans. Soldiers, mainly auxiliares from Egypt, lived with locals, and both groups actively corresponded between the praesidia mainly in Greek writing on potsherds, ostraka. The extra-linguistic background of the letters was multicultural and, thus, multilingual. This kind of language contact could be seen also earlier, but it was not as clear as later. Living in an extremely difficult area, people had to be able to write or they had to find someboby who had – even very modest – writing skills. An important fact is that the writers used only ostraka, never…

In this thesis we use statistical n-gram language models and the perplexity measure for language typology tasks. We interpret the perplexity of a language model as a distance measure when the model is applied on a phonetic transcript of a language the model wasn't originally trained on. We use these distance measures for detecting language families, detecting closely related languages, and for language family tree reproduction. We also study the sample sizes required to train the language models and make estimations on how large corpora are needed for the successful use of these methods. We find that trigram language models trained from automatically transcribed phonetic transcripts and the perplexity measure can be used for both detecting language families and for detecting closely related languages.

Tämän tutkielman aiheena ovat kilpailuoikeuden ja tietosuojalainsäädännön väliset rajapinnat ja mahdolliset ristiriidat liittyen massadataan (big data), joka sisältää käyttäjien henkilötietoja, ja jotka ovat yritysten hallussa. Tutkimuskysymykset keskittyvät pohtimaan sitä, voidaanko määräävässä markkina-asemassa olevia yrityksiä velvoittaa sallimaan kilpailijoiden pääsy näiden dataan. Lisäksi tutkielmassa pohditaan sitä, voiko tällainen datan jakaminen rikkoa tietosuojalainsäädännön säännöksiä. EU:n kilpailuoikeus kieltää yrityksiä käyttämästä väärin määräävää markkina-asemaansa. Tässä tutkielmassa pyritään ensin määrittämään voiko datasta muodostua ns. avainasema (essential facility), jota ilman kilpailijat eivät voi toimia markkinoilla. Vastaus tähän kysymykseen riippuu datan luonteesta ja sen käyttötarkoituksesta. Lisäksi markkinoiden rakenne ja markkinoille tulon esteet vaikuttavat lopputulokseen. Tutkielmassa käydään tämän jälkeen läpi EU:n yleisen Tietosuoja-asetuksen (’’GDPR’’) mukainen sääntely. GDPR:n mukaan henkilötietoja saadaan käyttää ainoastaan siihen tarkoitukseen,…

Kiinnostus härkäpavun (Vicia faba L.) viljelyä kohtaan on kasvanut Suomessa muun muassa pavun korkean proteiinipitoisuuden ansiosta. Härkäpapu korvaa osan kotieläinten rehujen proteiinilisänä käytetystä tuontisoijasta. Kiinnostus härkäpapua kohtaan on myös kasvanut elintarvikemarkkinoilla kasviperäisenä lihan korvikkeena. Härkäpapu on osittain itsepölytteinen, mutta hyönteispölytyksellä on havaittu olevan positiivinen vaikutus satoon ja sadon luotettavuuteen. Tarhamehiläinen (Apis mellifera L.) on yksi härkäpavun tärkeimmistä pölyttäjistä Suomessa. Tämän maisterintutkielman kokeellisena tavoitteena oli tutkia tarhamehiläisen pölytysvaikutusta ja vuorovaikutusta härkäpavun kukissa. Pääasiallisena toteutuksena toimi häkkikoe, jonka avulla tutkittiin vaikutuksia palkojen lukumäärään ja sijoittumiseen pavun varressa ilman mehiläisiä ja mehiläisten ollessa läsnä kasvustossa. Toisena ja kolmantena tavoitteena oli havainnoida mehiläisten kukkakäyttäytymistä härkäpavun kukissa ja saada lisää tietoa pölyttäjien määrästä ja hyönteislajien monimuotoisuudesta härkäpapupelloilla.…

Mental disorders are the leading cause of work disability among young adults. This study examined the background of young adults who were granted temporary work disability pension due to mental disorders in Finland, their clinical profile, the interventions targeted at them, and employment outcomes over five years. The data comprised people aged 18–34 (n = 1,163) who were granted a fixed-term work disability pension in 2008 due to a mental disorder (ICD-10 codes F10–69, F80–99) by an occupational pension institute. The data included patients’ pension applications and attached medical certifications, which were linked to employment data from the Finnish Centre for Pensions. The most common diagnoses were depressive mood disorders (39%), schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (34%), and mania or bipolar disorder (14%). Half of the young adults were attached to the labour market or education prior to the granted pension. Three clinical profiles were identified: ‘Childhood (including adolescence) adversity’, associated with depressive disorders; ‘Comorbidity’, associated…

Bwabwatan kansallispuiston asukkaat khwe sanit olivat ennen metsästäjäkeräilijöitä, jotka hankkivat ruokansa metsästämällä ja keräilemällä villiruokaa. He eivät kuitenkaan enää voi harjoittaa heidän perinteisiä ruoanhankintamenetelmiä, koska se on kielletty kansallispuistossa. Lisäksi armeija on alueella estämässä norsujen salametsästystä, jonka seurauksena asukkaita on kielletty menemästä metsään. Khwe sanit ovat riippuvaisia Namibian valtion tarjoamasta ruoka-avusta. Pienimuotoista maanviljelyä harjoitetaan jonkin verran, mutta kuivuuden ja villieläinten aiheuttamien vahinkojen vuoksi se ei ole riittävää täyttämään päivittäistä tarvetta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää khwe sanien mahdollisuudet puutarhaviljelyyn kansallispuiston itäisessä osassa. Aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoiduilla haastatteluilla. Yhteensä 38 khwe sania haastateltiin sekä useita sidosryhmien jäseniä. Neljä erilaista ryhmää tunnistettiin, jotka olivat yksittäiset puutarhurit, yhteisöpuutarhurit, puutarhakoulutukseen osallistuneet sekä kokemattomat puutarhasta kiinnostuneet henkilöt. Aineisto…

Sentimenttianalyysi (sentiment analysis) on nopeasti kehittyvä kieliteknologian ala, jonka päämääränä on automaattisesti tunnistaa luonnollisella kielellä tuotetusta tekstistä subjektiivisia piirteitä. Tyypillisesti sentimenttianalyysissa luokitellaan tekstiä binäärisesti luokkiin ‘positiivinen’ tai ‘negatiivinen’. Moniluokkainen tunneskaala saadaan kuitenkin kasvattamalla mahdollisten sentimenttiluokkien määrää, jolloin mukaan otetaan hienojakoisempia tunteita kuten ‘vihainen’, ‘iloinen’ ja ‘surullinen’. Tekstiklassifikaatiossa käytetään usein ohjattuja koneoppimismenetelmiä. Tämä edellyttää riittävää opetusaineistoa, jonka avulla klassifikaatioalgoritmi voidaan opettaa tunnistamaan tekstistä haluttuja piirteitä. Koska sentimenttianalyysiin tarvittavat opetusaineistot ovat pääosin englanninkielisiä, muunkielisiä aineistoja tuotetaan kääntämällä alkuperäinen aineisto eri kielille. On kuitenkin tärkeää arvioida käännetyn aineiston käytettävyyttä koneoppimisalgoritmien opetuksessa. Kun teksti käännetään kieleltä toiselle, tulee alkuperäisen sentimentti-informaation säilyä ennallaan,…

Carried interest refers to the portion of a private equity fund’s profits allocated to managers of the fund in excess of the capital they have committed. It is a tool used to incentivize fund managers and align their interests with those of capital-providing investors. In the hands of the fund managers, carried interest is often treated as return on an investment even though its nature would suggest that it is compensation for the labour efforts of fund managers. As a result, much debate has arisen in many countries regarding the equitable taxation of carried interest. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the treatment of carried interest for Finnish income tax purposes. The question regarding the taxation in the hands of a fund manager is closely linked to the tax treatment of carried interest within a private equity fund, and thus the tax treatment of carried interest is assessed from the perspective of a fund manager on the one hand, and a Finnish private equity fund, on the other. As no special tax provisions on the tax treatment of carried interest exist in Finnish tax law,…

Place identity is the symbolic significance that an individual has for a specific place or locality. The term encompasses the ways in which physical and symbolic attributes of certain locations contribute to an individual's sense of identity. Place identity is also related to the concept of place attachment. At the individual level it has been proposed that an individual's positive place identity has a positive effect on pro-environment behavior. The place attachment may also explain an individual's attitudes to environmental concern and issues. Similarly, it has been found that there is a positive relationship between place identity and entrepreneurial performance. Therefore, an interesting question arises: Is there a relationship between place identity and sustainability performance? The objective of this study was to examine the concept of place identity in regarding the sustainability performance relationship of rural tourism enterprises. The theoretical framework is built from place identity and the concept of sustainable development. The material consists of interviews with 24…

Tutkielmassani selvitetään opetusmenetelmiä, jotka ovat tyypillisiä Aalto-yliopiston Taiteiden ja suunnittelun korkeakoulun Muotoilun laitokseen kuuluvassa Fashion, Clothing and Textile Design –koulutusohjelmassa. Tarkoituksena on kartoittaa erityisesti studio-pedagogisia elementtejä tekstiilisuunnittelun opetuksessa, sekä kuvailla valittujen menetelmien taustalla vaikuttavia opetusnäkemyksiä. Lisäksi kootaan yhteen keskeiset opetuksen järjestämiseen vaikuttavat tekijät. Studio-pedagogiikkaa lähestytään teoreettisesti R. Keith Sawyerin (2018) the studio model –mallin avulla, joka perustuu tutkimukseen luovuuden opettamisesta ja oppimisesta taide- ja suunnittelukouluissa. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan myös näkemyksiä materiaalisuuden ja kehollisuuden roolista suunnitteluopetuksen osana. Tutkimuksellinen lähestymistapa on etnografinen ja tutkimusta varten haastateltiin viittä koulutusohjelman parissa työskentelevää asiantuntijaa. Teemahaastatteluiden lisäksi suoritettiin kaksi observointia, kudonnan ja painokankaiden studioissa. Kerätty aineisto analysoitiin kvalitatiivisen…

The Air Quality Directive, AQD, (2008/50/EC), set up the rules concerning the reference methods (RM) for the measurements of e.g. mass concentration of particulate matter in air. A member state (MS) can use any other method, which it can demonstrate to display a consistent relationship with the reference method. Demonstration of equivalence (DoE) for automated continuous monitoring systems (AMS) for determination of the PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter was conducted in Finland at the city of Kuopio during 2014-15 (Walden et al., 2017). The tested AMS were used in Finland at the local air quality networks for controlling the limit values for PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration measurements. The purpose of the verification exercise was to demonstrate whether the AMS tested and approved during the DoE study in Kuopio are applicable elsewhere in Finland. The comparison of the AMS of the local network (site) with the RM was performed in various parts of Finland (south and north, east and west) to see if the AMS, which was approved as equivalence method…

The article examines the possibilities offered by language technology for analyzing semantic fields in Akkadian. The corpus of data for our research group is the existing electronic corpora, Open richly annotated cuneiform corpus (ORACC). In addition to more traditional Assyriological methods, the article explores two language technological methods: Pointwise mutual information (PMI) and Word2vec.

Tarkastelemme tässä artikkelissa, miten kaupunkisuunnittelijat kokevat sosiaalisen median verkkokeskustelut osana työtään. Tapaustutkimuksemme kohteena ovat Helsingin kaupunkiympäristön toimialan kaupunkisuunnittelijat ja tutkimme heidän suhtautumistaan Facebookissa toimivaa Lisää kaupunkia Helsinkiin -ryhmää (LKH) kohtaan. Kysymme, miten kaupunkisuunnittelijat suhtautuvat LKH-ryhmään osana asukasvuorovaikutusta ja millaisia yhteistoiminnan mahdollisuuksia he näkevät ryhmän kanssa osana kommunikatiivisen suunnittelun viitekehystä. Artikkelimme lisää tietoa kaupunkisuunnittelijoiden toimintaympäristöstä viestintäteknologisen murroksen aikana, kun eri toimijat pyrkivät vaikuttamaan kaupunkisuunnitteluun sosiaalisen median kautta.

For the last 20 years, the state administration of Finland has supported the development of wooden multistory construction (WMC) into the residential housing market. While the number of WMC dwellings has increased, WMC is still not a normalized construction practice. Civil servants—who are responsible for complying with national strategies while being tasked to satisfy the needs of Finnish citizens—are legally entrusted to oversee and approve the planning of all zoning maps. This authority includes the power to compel builders to comply with material preferences through zoning regulations. Regardless of this gatekeeping authority, they rarely enact such regulations. This qualitative study examines the attitudes and perceptions of civil servants regarding WMC. It also examines the civil servants’ interpretation of other stakeholder opinions towards WMC. The aim was to set a precedent for current-day beliefs about WMC from the perspective of this authoritative group, given no such in-depth opinions currently exist in the literature. Semi-structured interviews were held between May…

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan nuorten aikuisten osallisuutta sosiaalisen kuntoutuksen palvelujen asiakkaina Rovaniemellä, Kittilässä ja Inarissa. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu 24 nuoren yksilöhaastatteluista, neljästä sosiaalisen kuntoutuksen palveluntuottajien ryhmähaastattelusta sekä tilastoaineistosta. Nuorten aikuisten osallisuuden tukemisessa korostuu nuorten kokemustiedon, paikallisuuden ja paikallisen kulttuurin merkitykset. Erityisesti kokemustiedon huomioiminen tarjoaa nuorille aikuisille väylän vaikuttaa sosiaalisen kuntouksen palveluprosessiin. Nuorten aikuisten haastatteluista erottuu neljä erilaista toimijuuden roolia (positiota): omaan kuntoutumiseen panostava, yhteisöllinen vastuunkantaja ja toiminnan kehittäjä, etsijä sekä ajelehtija. Eri toimijuuden roolit vaikuttavat siihen, millainen merkitys sosiaalisella kuntoutuksella on nuorille aikuisille. Sosiaalisen kuntoutuksen toteuttamiseen vaikuttaa samanaikaisesti useita ammatillisia ajattelu- ja toimintatapoja (rationaliteetteja). Tärkeää on erityisesti yhteisöllinen toiminta, jossa nuorta tuetaan osana…

The European telecommunications sector has witnessed a period of change in the last decades. Starting with the liberalisation process of the 1990s, the successive introduction of sector-specific regulation has resulted in a move from state-owned monopolies to privatisation and competition in the industry. Presented as a temporary instrument, the sectoral regime was intended to phase out and gradually be replaced by general competition law as a sufficient degree of competition emerged in the markets. Such transition has not taken place yet. After three decades of regulatory reforms, and a considerable degree of competition has emerged in most telecommunications markets, the sector now faces new challenges. In particular, telecommunications operators face growing competition from a new market actor providing services Over-The-Top of the Internet. These ‘OTT’ service providers offer communications services that increasingly substitute traditional telecommunications services. Yet they are not subject to the sectoral telecommunications framework. Whereas telecommunications operators must…

The literature review dealt with the chemical and physical properties of chitin polymer and its degradation product glucosamine. Particular emphasis was given to studies on the analytical methods of determination of chitin from various products including gravimetrical, spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The aim of this study was to optimize an analytical method to determine insect chitin and to apply the method to quantify chitin in whole insects and their soluble protein fractions. Two species of insects were selected: mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and cricket (Acheta domesticus). Whole insects and their protein fractions were treated with alkaline to remove protein. Chitin in de-proteined insect material was then hydrolysed into glucosamine using 6M HCl. Glucosamine from the hydrolysate was determined using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, where chromatographic method was optimized and validated. UPLC-FLR method was specific for glucosamine and the UPLC system could separate two target peaks (glucosamine isomers: α and β). Glucosamine content was…

Objective: This multiple-case study explores the self-protective attachment strategies of adults with ADHD and the history of the dangers in their family of origin. Method: Nine respondents were interviewed using the Adult Attachment Interview, AAI (The Dynamic Maturational Model modification). Results: All respondents had experienced dangers connected to the lack of protection and comfort in their families of origin, including unresolved traumas, such as early emotional neglect, later supervision neglect, abuse and witnessing discord, even domestic violence, in triangulated family relationships. Three subgroups were formed on the basis of the attachment classifications. Conclusions: The recognition of the variety of attachment strategies, disorientation modifying, and unresolved traumas interrupting the strategic self-protective functioning, can contribute to the tailoring of individualized psychological treatment. The psychological treatment would help these adults with ADHD to understand how the unresolved traumas and triangulated family systems have impacted and still impact…

Involving stakeholders in the context of both business planning and environmental management is important to ensure joint understanding of prevailing or potential problems and risks, the objectives of different parties, and the best ways to attain them. This report presents a study concerning the sustainable development of small ports in the Eastern Gulf of Finland. Ten stakeholders, involving boaters and port actors, from two countries, Finland and Estonia, were interviewed to analyze how stakeholders communicate and think about the concept of sustainability and its materialization in the planning and development of small ports. The report also compares how the definition of sustainability, or thoughts concerning sustainable development, differ between boaters and port actors. Theoretically speaking, the concept of sustainable development should consist of a balance between three aspects: environment, economic and social. Following an explanation of the three-aspect concept, the interviewed stakeholders accepted the idea of sustainable development being based on these three…

Providers of geospatial data are facing the challenge of di-verse user needs when delivering their products to different user groups. Academic researchers represent a user group with quite specific requirements, like good support for anal-ysis and high-performance computing. A national infrastruc-ture providing both geospatial data and powerful geocompu-ting facilities for research use is being developed in Finland. The part of the infrastructure described in this paper focuses on the management, storage and efficient delivery of raster-formatted geospatial data by applying the concept of datacube.

The literature review deals with the basics of microalgae, microalgal cultivation and harvest, and the organism Euglena gracilis. The carbohydrates found in E. gracilis are discussed, with the focus on the storage carbohydrate paramylon. The review also deals with effects of cultivation conditions on composition of microalgae. The aim of the experimental work was to investigate carbohydrate composition in E. gracilis, and in this way increase the knowledge of the microalgae. E. gracilis cultivated in five different environments was studied for content of the beta-glucan paramylon, as well as free sugars and oligosaccharides. As the method used for determination of paramylon content was a gravimetric method, a glucose measurement, protein determination and size-exclusion chromatography were performed on the paramylon isolated. In addition, the effect of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the biomass to extract high value compounds on the overall carbohydrate composition and content was also investigated. In addition, the SFE samples were also analysed according to the AOAC…

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the only readily utilizable form of phosphorus for toxic diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (N. spumigena). Pi is one of the limiting nutrients in the Baltic Sea where surprisingly N. spumigena are highly abundant especially during the summer. This indicates that N. spumigena possibly has an alternative pathway to fulfill its phosphorus requirement. The Baltic Sea, like most aquatic environments, is enriched with organic phosphorus compounds among which phosphonates may constitute a significant fraction. Interestingly, the Baltic Sea N. spumigena strains UHCC 0039 and CCY9414 have been found to carry phosphonate degrading gene cluster (phnC-M) implying that these cyanobacteria could assimilate phosphonates as a phosphorus source. However, the significance of the presence of phn gene cluster in N. spumigena for phosphonate utilization has not been investigated in detail. Here, I aimed to understand how N. spumigena copes with Pi limitation and utilizes phosphonates in laboratory conditions using biochemical assays, PCR-based methods and…

Terephthalic acid (TPA) is a monomer used widely in the production of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and other polyesters. The other monomer of PET, ethylene glycol, can already be produced from bioethanol. However, TPA is still produced via the traditional route from petrochemical sources, but the global demand for environmental-friendly options has increased throughout the past years making the synthesis of bio-based TPA an attractive research target. Several companies have formed a collaborative to support the development of 100% bio-based PET and thus bio-based TPA. The challenge is not only to develop an ecologically beneficial but also a cost-effective process. In the literature section of this work, the current methods to produce bio-based TPA have been reviewed. A highly attractive option is to use lignocellulosic biomass - cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin - as the starting material due to its high abundance and low cost. Lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized directly via biotechnical pathways by using either catalytic fast pyrolysis or fermentation and reforming…

Tutkimus tarkastelee, kuinka immersiivinen journalismi (engl. immersive journalism) ja virtuaalitodellisuustarinat sitouttavat henkilön oikean elämän tapahtumiin. Immersiivistä journalismia voi luonnehtia minä-muotoiseksi uutisten kokemiseksi, korostaen interaktiivisia ominaisuuksia sekä läsnäoloa, joka luo käsityksen ’olemisesta’ virtuaalimaailmassa. Tutkimus pyrkii valottamaan immersiivisen journalismin uutta alaa sekä tutkimaan virtuaalitodellisuustarinoiden tunnusomaisia piirteitä sekä rajoitteita, kun luodaan sitoutumista konflikti-uutisiin. Tutkimus kiinnittää erityistä huomiota läsnäolon käsitteeseen sekä siihen, miten median muoto ja median sisältö luovat sitoutumista, sekä tapoihin, joilla virtuaalitodellisuus pyrkii yhdistämään vastaanottajan uutistarinaan. Monitieteellisen luonteensa takia tutkimus yhdistää teorioita virtuaalitodellisuudesta, audio-visuaalisesta mediasta, läsnäolon tutkimisesta sekä mediatodistamisesta (engl. media witnessing). Kvalitatiivinen tutkimus käyttää lähilukua ensisijaisena tutkimusmetodina. The New York Times (NYT) valikoitui tutkittavaksi…

Ihmiskauppa on nopeasti kasvava ja ihmisoikeuksia perustavanlaatuisesti loukkaava rikos. Ihmiskauppa liittyy muun muassa sosiaalisiin, taloudellisiin ja kulttuurisiin tekijöihin ja rikoksen vaikutus yksilöihin, yhteiskuntiin ja kansakuntiin on tuhoisa. Ihmiskauppaa on tutkittu yhä enemmän viime vuosina. Tosin vain muutamia ensisijaisia tutkimuksia on toteutettu ihmiskaupasta Keniassa, jossa ihmiskauppa on laajalle levinnyt ongelma. Yksilöiden haavoittuvuutta ja ihmiskaupan uhrien kotoutumista ihmiskaupan jälkeen on tutkittu laajemmin kansainvälisellä tasolla, mutta Kenian yhteydessä tehdyt tutkimukset ovat rajallisia ja ne ovat painottuneet taloudellisiin tekijöihin. Vain muutama tutkimus on keskittynyt ihmiskaupan uhrien kokemuksiin haavouttuvuudesta ja uudelleenkotoutumisesta. Näin ollen tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuottaa aiheesta lisää tietoa ja tutkia ihmiskaupan kokemusten monimutkaisuutta seuraavalla tutkimuskysymyksellä: Mitkä tekijät ihmiskaupan uhrit ovat kokeneet vaikuttavan heidän haavoittuvuuteensa ja millaisia vaikeuksia he ovat kohdanneet kotoutumisen aikana…

Tutkielmassa tutkitaan korpusperusteisen oppimateriaalin soveltuvuutta lukion englannin oppitunneille sekä sen toimivuutta opiskelijoiden omana työkaluna englannin kielen opiskelussa. Tavoitteena on luoda korpusperusteinen oppimateriaalipaketti, joka keskittyy etenkin fraseologian opiskeluun. Oppimateriaalipaketti perustuu aiempaan tutkimustietoon korpuksen käytöstä kielten opiskelussa sekä tieteellisiin teorioihin kielten oppimisesta. Oppimateriaalipaketissa sovelletaan Johnsin (1991) datalähtöistä lähestymistapaa oppimiseen: ideana on, että opiskelijat osallistuvat aktiivisesti oppimisprosessiinsa ja tutkivat autenttista kielimateriaalia korpusaineiston avulla. Oppimateriaalin tehtävät suunniteltiin Corpus of Contemporary American English -korpukselle. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa esitellään korpuslingvistiikan lähestymistapoja sekä miten sitä voidaan soveltaa englannin kielen opetuksessa. Lisäksi esitellään tutkimustietoa siitä, miten kielten oppiminen perustuu suurempien rakenteiden muistamiseen ja fraseologian opetteluun sekä miten tämä voitaisiin huomioida kielten…

Metsänomistajakunnan rakenteen muutos on vähentänyt metsänomistajien omatoimisuutta metsän-hoitotöihin. Samanaikaisesti työvoiman saatavuus työvoimavaltaisiin metsänhoitotöihin on vaikeutunut. Koneellista taimikonhoitoa on kehitetty korvaamaan miestyönä tehtävää taimikonhoitoa. Koneellisen taimikonhoidon osuus on tällä hetkellä noin 1 % kaikesta tehdystä taimikonhoidosta. Konekitkentää on kehitetty yhtenä vaihtoehtona taimikonhoidon, tarkemmin varhaisperkauksen koneellistamiseksi. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää miten eri kasvupaikkatekijät vaikuttavat kuusen vapaana kasvamiseen kitkennän jälkeen. Tarkastelua tehtiin puu-, koeala- ja metsikkötasolla kasvatettavan kuusen ja häiritsevän puuston pituussuhteen avulla. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää MOTTI-ohjelmiston avulla miten kuusen ja rauduskoivun välinen pituussuhde kehittyy kitkennästä ensiharvennusvaiheeseen. Aineisto kerättiin syksyn 2017 aikana maastomittauksin vuosina 2012–2014 konekitketyistä kuusen istutustaimikoista. Mitattuja kuvioita oli 66 ja laskennassa oli mukana 1152 koealaa. Aineiston analyysi tehtiin SPSS…