The 100 most-cited articles in Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja, 2016

Russian military in its hybrid warfare concept .....

New particle formation (NPF) events are typically observed during daytime when photochemical oxidation takes place. However, nighttime nucleation mode particles have been observed across various locations only sporadically. We present 11 years (2003-2013) of air ion number size distribution data from the SMEAR II station in Hyytiala, Finland, where during a third of the nights a sub-3 nm negative (n = 1324 days) and positive (n = 1174 days) ion events took place. To investigate nocturnal clustering at sizes above the constant small ion pool, we defined cluster events (CE) as a nocturnal event with 2-3 nm ion concentrations reaching 70 cm-3 between 18:00 and 24:00 local time. CE (n = 221 days) were characterized by a rapid, 10-fold increase in the median 2-3 nm ion concentration from the start (similar to 10 cm(-3)) to the event peak (similar to 100 cm(-3)). Furthermore, small and intermediate ions during the CE, NPF events and nonevents were compared: while concentrations of 1.5-2 nm ions were the highest during CE (median 235 cm(-3)), as compared with the NPF events (96 cm(-3)) or…

ISBN: 9789515120243. 'Emperors and the Divine – Rome and its Influence', Edited by Maijastina Kahlos

This article explores the development of the imperial title pontifex maximus from Emperor Augustus (12 BC) to fourth-century Emperor Gratian (382 AD) as well as the transformation of the title into that of pontifex inclitus after Gratian. Following the precedent of Augustus, every emperor down to Gratian (d. 383) was pontifex maximus. The title pontifex maximus formed a standing element in the imperial titulature, usually in first place in the litany of titles. The article demonstrates that the title pontifex maximus was modified into pontifex inclitus from Gratian on. Christian emperors were anxious to eliminate the pagan associations of pontifex maximus but they were reluctant to give up their traditional claim to priestly authority.

After the Second World War Finland had to cede territories to the Soviet Union, and Finnish people from those areas were evacuated. In this article we analyse the narrated memories of former Karelian child evacuees. We focus on the sites of memory and the materiality of memory practices as they are reflected in these narratives. In the article we examine how narrated memories, both written and oral, are formed in the interplay of embodied recollections of the childhood evacuation, with the intra-action of matter such as sources and mementos, and immaterial things such as affects and emotions. We conclude that things and matter are agential in six ways in narrated memories. Article is accepted for publication in the special issue of Oral History 44(2): ”Oral History on the Move: Multiple Sites and Sources of Memory” (eds. Anne Heimo & Anna- Kaisa Kuusisto-Arponen & Ulla Savolainen) 2016. www.ohs.org.uk/journal

Tutkin pro gradussani Classical Art Memes -Facebook-sivuston internet-meemien diskursiivisia ominaisuuksia selvittääkseni, mistä sivuston suosio syntyy, ja muodostaakseni siitä kuvan digitaalisena tilana James Paul Geen määrittelemän affinity space (mieltymystila) -käsitteen kautta. Mieltymystilan käsitteessä yhdistyvät sosiaaliseen yhteisöön kuulumisen merkitys sekä itse sisältö, jonka ympärille yhteisö rakentuu. Internet-meemi vuorostaan käsitetään populaarikulttuurin yksiköksi, joka leviää ja muovautuu internetin käyttäjien välityksellä synnyttäen jaettuja kulttuurisia kokemuksia. Classical Art Memes on Facebookiin elokuussa 2014 perustettu viihdesivusto, jolla ylläpitäjä ja käyttäjät jakavat multimodaalisia kuvia humoristisesti tulkituista klassisista taideteoksista. Classical Art Memes ilmentää osallistumiselle avointa digitaalista kulttuuria, johon sisältyy olennaisesti se, että käyttäjät ovat yhtä aikaa kuluttajia ja tuottajia. Sivusto ylitti kahden miljoonan Facebook-tykkäyksen rajan keväällä 2016. Tutkimusaineistoni koostui 140 Classical Art Memes -sivuston aikajanalla…

This paper uses Klisala Harrison’s concept of an epistemic community as a methodology, in order to understand applied ethnomusicological research on Australian Aboriginal song. It will investigate the ways in which the goals and methods of applied research are informed by institutional recommendations that emanate from an Indigenous rights agenda and Australia’s colonialist past and present, and will consider how applied ethnomusicology has been supported by recent regulatory and funding environments. Framing repatriation and intercultural collaboration as sites of critical discourse, an epistemic community of applied ethnomusicology in Australia is theorized as a site of convergent, pluralistic practices that respond to: social and political determinants of music endangerment; and, aims and principles prescribed by institutional documents that set out priorities for and govern the ethical conduct and design of academic research.

The aim of this working paper is to summarise the preliminary report on the universal basic income (BI) experiment planned in Finland. The purpose of the preliminary report (delivered 30th March 2016 to the Government) was to propose and analyse models and designs for the Finnish BI experiment for the years 2017 and 2018. The working group began its work by specifying the concept and content of BI, then collected information on BI in other countries, on debates surrounding BI and on the popular support for BI in Finland, and evaluated different models by utilising microsimulations.

This report is part of the research-based development of doctoral training in the UniOGS graduate school, at the University of Oulu.It aims to contribute research-based evidence pertaining to the development of doctoral education in the UniOGS graduate school at the University of Oulu by exploring the doctoral experience in the UniOGS, and the primary regulators of the doctoral journey.The data reported here were collected with the doctoral experience survey from doctoral students of UniOGS graduate school.Doctoral students' experiences of doctoral training were analysed in terms of three complementary aspects of the training: the doctoral dissertation process, supervision, and doctoral studies.The report consists of a summary of the results based on data collected from doctoral students at the University of Oulu in April 2015.

This investigation aimed to theoretically conceptualize the components of socio-digital participation (SDP) supported by data collected using a novel SPD-inventory as well as a semi-structured interview -tool. We carried out a pilot study in a Finnish comprehensive school with both quantitative (n=284; age 12-15) and qualitative data (n=35). We identified six conceptually separate dimensions of SDP. Social networking was conceptualized to be more likely to be friendship-driven, and, knowledge- and media-oriented as interest-driven. Academic participation was conceptualized as a separate boundary-crossing dimension between autonomous and controlled study activities. Further, we identifi ed two separate dimensions of gaming: recreational games and action and sports games. Based on the results we propose that in cultivating novel pedagogical practices, the heterogeneity should be recognized instead of onsize- fi ts-all mentality, and, further, that it is critical for the educational system to deliberately facilitate students appropriating of advanced digital practices of working with…

We conducted a laboratory investigation to identify highly-oxidized organic compounds formed in sesquiterpene (C15H24, SQT) ozonolysis. The dominant sesquiterpene previously identified from branch emissions of Scots pine, beta-caryophyllene, was used for this study. Using the latest mass spectrometric methods, we identified several highly oxidized organic compounds corresponding to RO2 radical, closed-shell monomer and dimer species. The most abundant compounds detected were monomers C15H24O7.9.11, and C15O22O9.11, and dimers C29H46O12.14.16, and C30H46O12,14,16, These oxidized organic compounds have very low saturation vapour pressures, an O-to-C ratio of about 0.3-0.9, and they are all classified as extremely low-volatility products (ELVOC). The molar yield of ELVOC was determined to be 1.7% +/- 1.28%. Highly-oxidized organic compounds were also measured at a boreal forest site, and few possible beta-caryophyllene oxidation products were identified, but the concentrations were extremely low, reaching a maximum of a few hundred thousand molecules cm(-3) in spring.

Tässä raportissa luodaan katsaus Suomi24-keskustelufoorumin aineistoon, joka on ollut saatavilla Kielipankissa keväästä 2015. Raportissa kuvataan aineiston syntytapaa ja kontekstia, eli Suomi24-informaatioarkkitehtuuria, aineiston määriä ja luonnetta, aineiston tallennusmuotoja, ja tapoja, joiden avulla tutkija voi aineistoon perehtyä. Lisäksi viritetään esimerkinomaisesti tutkimuksellisia näkökulmia, joihin aineistotyöskentelyllä voisi edetä. Digitaalisten tekstiaineistojen laajamittainen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tutkiminen on vasta aluillaan. Raportti tarjoaa taustan, jota vasten laajasta aineistosta tehtyjen yksittäisten hakujen tuloksia voi suhteuttaa ja tulkita. Lisäksi aineiston käyttöesimerkkien ja erilaisten lähestymistapojen esittely voi tarjota virikkeitä aineiston hyödyntämiselle omassa tutkimuksessa. Aineistoraportin tavoitteena on tuoda esille kvantitatiivisen ja kvalitatiivisen aineistotutkimuksen mahdollisuuksia. Toivon mukaan näihin tarttuminen voi myös edistää analyysityökalujen kehittymistä tavalla, joka palvelee entistä paremmin paitsi eri tieteenalojen tutkijoita,…

Roman emperors communicated a number of qualities which constituted an ideological basis for their unique position of power. These qualities were expressed by both verbal and visual references to the emperor. Besides references to his dynastic lineage or to his military capability, a recurring line of imperial discourse is the use of divine association. Connections between emperors and divinity ranged from references to a quality of an emperor that evoked divine associations to identification with a specific god and could be brought about by emperors themselves or anyone else. This article discusses how and why Roman emperors are presented in divine contexts in Greek papyrus texts from Egypt. Even if the majority of papyrus texts were written for practical reasons and their relevance was limited to the persons to whom the documents concerned, many texts are instructive for how emperors were divinely embedded in language. By applying a discourse approach, I aim to show that Greek papyri can be read on several levels. In this way, I hope to offer a new perspective on how divine…

The purpose of this thesis is to explore Finnish maritime personnel’s conceptions of safety management and its relationship with the concept of safety culture. In addition, the aim is to evaluate the impact of the ISM Code on the prevailing safety culture in the Finnish shipping business. A total of 94 interviewees and seven Finnish shipping companies were involved in this study. Thematic interviews were applied as the main research method for the study. The results were analysed qualitatively. \n \nThe results indicate that maritime safety culture can simultaneously demonstrate features of integration, differentiation and ambiguity. Basically, maritime personnel have a positive attitude towards safety management systems since they consider safety management beneficial and essential in general. However, the study also found considerable criticism among the interviewees. The interviewed maritime personnel did not criticise the ISM Code as such, yet they criticised the way the ISM Code has been applied in practise. \n \nIn order to understand the multiple perspectives of safety…

Researchers have long tried to identify factors that could explain why programming is easier for some than the others or that can be used to predict programming performance. The motivation behind most studies has been identifying students who are at risk to fail and improving passing rates on introductory courses as these have a direct impact on retention rates. Various potential factors have been identified, and these include factors related to students' background, programming behavior or psychological and cognitive characteristics. However, the results have been inconsistent. This thesis replicates some of these previous studies in a new context, and pairwise analyses of various factors and performance are performed. We have data collected from 3 different cohorts of an introductory Java programming course that contains a large number of exercises and where personal assistance is available. In addition, this thesis contributes to the topic by modeling the dependencies between several of these factors. This is done by learning a Bayesian network from the data. We will then…

The first few years in the teaching profession are usually demanding. Although initial teacher education forms an essential foundation for teachers’ work, it cannot fully prepare new teachers for the complexities of working life. This study focuses on investigating the need for professional development support among newly qualified teachers to determine what their professional learning needs are and how these needs differ among teachers from four different countries: Finland, the United Kingdom (England), Portugal and Belgium (Flanders). The research data was collected via a questionnaire from 314 teachers, each with less than five years of teaching experience, and both closed and open-ended questions were included. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis to identify the latent variables associated with their needs. Answers to the open-ended questions were used to gain deeper insight into the newly qualified teachers’ situation. The results indicate that new teachers need support, especially regarding conflict situations and in…

The concept of ‘informality’ has become a trendy topic of research in the scholarly literature about post-Soviet societies. The amount of literature focusing on informal practices and networks in post-Soviet space has grown rapidly over last two decades, producing theoretically and empirically grounded accounts of different forms and manifestations of informality, such as clans and regional patronage networks, clientelism, blat networks, bribery, embezzlement, cronyism, kickbacks, etc. One idea common to these aforesaid previous studies is that bulk of them focus on informal practices and their regulatory structures that take place within the boundaries of a single nation-state, thereby confining informality to particular place, field or people, not taking into account the increased (transnational) links between different places and people. Another factor that adds to this complexity is the growing use of information and communication technologies in post-Soviet region, which may reduce the importance of distance between different countries and people, possibly leading to…

The article focuses on the upper secondary matriculation examination in Finland as a school leaving and university entrance examination. The presented research addresses the question of whether increased choice of the subject-specific examinations has the potential to undermine the comparability of examination results and to direct students’ choices not only in the examination but already beforehand at school. The authors refer to Finland’s tradition of more than 160 years of a national examination connecting the academic track of upper secondary schools with universities. The authors explain the Finnish system by describing the adoption of a course-based (vs. class- or year-based) curriculum for the three-year upper secondary education and the subsequent reforms in the matriculation examination. This increases students’ choices considerably with regard to the subject-specific exams included in the examination (a minimum of four). As a result, high-achieving students compete against each other in the more demanding subjects while the less able share the same normal distribution of…

Hypervisors and containers are the two main virtualization techniques that enable cloud computing. Both techniques have performance overheads on CPU, memory, networking, and disk performance compared to bare metal. Unikernels have recently been proposed as an optimization for hypervisor-based virtualization to reduce performance overheads. In this thesis, we evaluate network I/O performance overheads for hypervisor-based virtualization using Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) and the OSv unikernel and for container-based virtualization using Docker comparing the different configurations and optimizations. We measure the raw networking latency and throughput and CPU utilization by using the Netperf benchmarking tool and measure network intensive application performance using the Memcached key-value store and the Mutilate benchmarking tool. We show that compared to bare metal Linux, Docker with bridged networking has the least performance overhead with OSv using vhost-net coming a close second.

The gender pay gap is a persistent challenge across different national contexts. Within these contexts, however, the underlying mechanisms that have resulted in the gender pay gap can take different shape. In Finland, the gender pay gap has been resistant to policy measures implemented in order to reduce it. This thesis aims to shed light on some of the central features of Finnish society, its institutional context, central actors, and stakeholders, and how these are linked to the apparent failures of Finnish equal pay policy. This study offers a broad-ranging sociological understanding of Finnish society, its historical development, and the kind of citizenship it has offered to its female citizens. The thesis also discusses the role of central labour market organisations in institutionalising wage relativities between the different industries in the Finnish labour market and protecting their vested interests in policy-making. The empirical part of the thesis consists of three articles, each of which addresses an issue that is critical to Finnish and international equal pay policy:…

Geopolitical interests and identities play an integral part in the Ukraine conflict, which for many observers has marked an end to hopes of Russia’s successful integration into Western political and security structures. This article observes how Finnish and Estonian newspaper editorials reproduce and mobilise geopolitical representations and identities in their commentary on the Ukraine conflict and related articulation of national foreign policy prescriptions. The critical discourse analysis reveals that both Finland and Estonia are geopolitically positioned by the newspapers into (Western) Europe, on one hand, and into Russia’s neighbourhood, on the other. Nevertheless, in dealing with the apparent fears and anxieties prompted by the latter position, the newspapers adopt highly diverging discursive strategies closely associated with the differing foreign policy orientations and histories of the two countries. Based on the analysis, we argue that studying newspapers as key agents in popular geopolitics contributes to a better understanding of the role of the newspapers in national…

This paper studies the coming together of two large-scale infrastructural failures in Greece in 2015: the banking system, which came to a halt because of the Greek fiscal crisis combined with the calling of a referendum on whether to accept further 'austerity' from the EU negotiators in return for a further bailout; and the numbers of refugees and other undocumented migrants arriving in Greece at exactly the same time, causing a general collapse in the state authority's capacity to manage the new arrivals. The paper argues that both of these failures reveal the deep interdependence of Greek infrastructures with others, and how that condition creates specific kinds of relative value for Greece and Greeks.

This review presents the life conditions of street children in Bangladesh. These children are portrayed as displaying socially unacceptable attributes which excluded them from the mainstream of society. It is argued that the identification of street children is one of the main barriers in this regard. Meta-synthesis of qualitative approach used for the literature review. Discussions on concepts and categories of street children can give us a holistic picture about how street children are being evaluated in the existing literature. It is also argued that the new criteria to identify street children will help us to develop better understanding of the situation in relation to street children in Bangladesh. This review proposes a set of criteria, in relation to the experiences from the review of the general literature, authors fieldwork experiences, and corroborated with first author’s long term career under social work and children programming.

Controlling the composition of the board is important in corporate governance. In order to prevent incumbent members to capture the nomination process, an external nomination committee has been introduced in some Nordic countries. In Finland both internal and external nomination committees are used by listed companies. This feature provides an ideal case to test whether differences in nominating board members make a difference for board composition.Companies with a nomination committee composed of a group of external experts have, on average, more female directors on their boards, but less international diversity and less diversity in terms of age dispersion and director tenure. However, these differences become non-significant when the voting rights of the largest shareholders are included in the regression analysis. The results suggest that when ownership structure is taken into account the procedure used to select director candidates has a limited impact on the final board composition or diversity.

This thesis critically analyses corporate-community relations in the forestry industry, with a particular focus on cases in the Latin American context. The key conceptual focus is on the legitimacy of corporate activity from the perspective of local communities in the contested field of sustainability. The concept of legitimacy is critically discussed in the light of a pluriversal approach to reality: Instead of assuming that legitimacy can be derived from a universally socially constructed system of shared norms and believes, legitimacy in the pluriverse signals that the world is not made up of one single history or worldview but many different ways of knowing, sensing, and being; what is perceived as legitimate depends on the place-based social imaginaries of the communities where it emerges. This approach to legitimacy creation, provides a nuanced understanding of the contested nature of forestry-community relations in Latin America. Adapting a pluriversal perspective on legitimacy has consequences for governance and how the corporate world engages with local communities. Instead…

International Studies is a multidisciplinary field, which includes a long and rich tradition of studying both the political economy conditions of war, peace and security, and the impact of security concerns and war on economic developments. While the fragmentation of International Studies has tended to make the essentially interwoven nature of many processes invisible, over time, a number of important claims and hypotheses have been subjected to various empirical tests, especially during the last few decades. In this chapter, I am asking: what is it that we have learnt on the political economy conditions of war and peace, and of security more generally? What about the impact of security and war on the economy? To what extent has our learning about the political economy of security been cumulative? What should we make of the fact that major disagreements persist? Going through the basic arguments of liberal, nationalist, Marxian, underconsumptionist, Keynesian and Neorealist theories and various recent political economy of security studies, I conclude by arguing that capitalist…

This work studied the conversion of the magnetic resonance images to synthetic heterogeneous computed tomography (CT) images, so-called pseudo-CT images. The study focused on updating and modifying a previously introduced conversion technique. Ultimate objective of this study was to verify the technique after a hardware and software update of the MR scanner. This included adjustments of the image conversion algorithms and integration of these into a medical image processing software. Additionally, this work aimed to use automatic bone segmentation atlas with the technique. The updated technique was verified for prostate cancer patients. This work aimed also to evaluate possibilities to adopt the technique for other patient groups and with different MR scanner. The evaluation included measurement for geometric accuracy in MR images. Average local difference in Hounsfield units (HU) between pseudo-CT and actual CT images for soft- and bony tissues were -1±13 HU and -10±139 HU, respectively. Measurement points in soft tissue had coverage of 89 % with smaller absolute error than 20 HUs.…

The Baltic Sea is a popular cruising area during the summer months (April till September) with international cruise lines. During these months cruising ports of the Baltic Sea handle the cruise ship generated waste. As the cruising business has been rapidly growing the waste streams has become larger. Present laws and regulations prevent most discharges into the Baltic sea. According to these regulations a ship has to discharge all waste at the port of call produced on board since last port of call. Thus, ports have different waste management strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, it is here argued that an updated collaboration among the ports where individual ports would be specialized in specific types of waste handlings ought to benefit the environmental work of the port and the cruise lines and thus also the environment. The thesis will through experts' ideas and opinions from each port study whether an updated waste management can be introduced in the ports of the study. The individual ports are Port of Helsinki, Port of Tallinn, Ports of Stockholm and Copenhagen Malmö Port.…

The distribution coefficients of barium in the Olkiluoto pegmatite, veined gneiss, Grimsel granodiorite and their main minerals (quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite) were obtained by batch sorption experiments carried out as a function of the concentration of barium. The distribution coefficients were modelled with the PHREEQC calculation code. The results of different rocks and minerals were compared with each other and the sorption mechanisms onto different mineral surfaces were evaluated. The sorption results of barium were also compared with sorption results obtained from a previous study for caesium. In addition, the diffusion of barium into the rock cubes was also studied both experimentally and computationally. Furthermore, the rock cubes from the diffusion experiments were studied with autoradiography and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of barium were largest on biotite and the sorption as a function of the concentration of barium on all the minerals followed the same trend. The distribution coefficient…

Mielen­terveys on osa hyvin­vointia, ja posi­tii­vinen mielen­terveys on voima­vara, jol­la si­tä voi­daan edistää. Posi­tii­vista mielen­ter­veyttä voi­daan vah­vistaa toi­mimaan suo­jana sai­rauksia vas­taan, selviy­tymään nii­den kans­sa ja edis­tämään toipu­mista. Väes­tön ter­veyttä koske­vissa tutki­muk­sissa on keski­tytty pääa­siassa mielen­ter­veyden oi­reisiin, häi­riöihin ja sai­rauksiin. Sen si­jaan posi­tii­vinen ulot­tuvuus on jää­nyt vähem­mälle huo­miolle. Posi­tii­visen mielen­ter­veyden mittaa­misen vaikeu­tena on ol­lut kä­sitteen moni­muo­toisuus ja toi­saalta so­pivien mit­tarien puuttu­minen. Posi­tii­vista mielen­ter­veyttä voi­daan mi­tata esi­mer­kiksi suo­meksi käänne­tyllä Warwick-Edinburgh men­tal well-being scale (WEMWBS) -mit­ta­rilla.

The government of Lao PDR has promoted teak planting for over 40 years, resulting in a significant increase in the area of plantation teak. Most of the plantations are managed by individual farmers and play an important role as a kind of financial insurance system, and a ready source of quick income generation. By cultivating a teak plot it may be determined whether a farmer has land tenure to the plot and through cultivation whether they can afford to send children to school. In Northern Lao PDR the primary sales channel for teak in a complex environment are middlemen. The common association with middlemen is rather negative and they are perceived as rent-seeking actors in the value chain. However in the current teak market system in Lao PDR middlemen take responsibility for many time-consuming steps of performing teak sales in compliance with laws and regulations. In addition, unofficial fees in connection with felling and transporting strongly influence teak wood flows by increasing costs and making the process vulnerable to adversity. In general, middlemen save farmers the…

The function of the media to shape agenda in society has generated interest in many spheres of study. Media discourse is thought to be an integral factor in the coexistence of heterogeneous societies. The discourse in media can foster peace or ethnic conflicts. Studies focusing on newspaper discourse and ethnic conflicts have not been exhaustive. This paper presents the findings of an assessment on the ways through which media discourse may ignite or escalate ethnic conflicts. The analysis focuses on online newspaper editorials in Kenya. The study evaluates three newspapers: The Daily Nation, The Standard and The Star. The papers appear both online and in hard copy. The study analyses editorials from these newspapers between the year 2010 to 2016 using the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis postulated by Fairclough, Van Djik and Wodak. The study analyses the use of attributive words referring to certain ethnic communities while discussing issues affecting ethnic coexistence. A total of twenty articles are analyzed and the results indicate that The Star and The…

The purpose of this research is to investigate lessor’s status in land consolidation procedures in Finland. This status was investigated from the functional and juridical points of view. The research was based on survey made for lessors and supporting surveys made for land consolidation experts. The main purpose of the surveys was to find out how the lessors themselves experienced their status. According to the results the lessors’ experiences in land consolidation (LC) phases are mostly moderate or slightly positive but not wholly positive. This is by the lessors’ concern that land consolidation causes additional and unnecessary costs for them. Experiences of costs, such as cost distribution and how well the rents of arable lands cover the costs of land consolidation are most negative among lessors. The most positive experiences are from road and ditch improvements. However the experience varies slightly between regions. Altogether, the status of lessor may be improved in the future by focusing to informing and cost-sharing. The informing of the lessors can be information of…

In this essay, I examine the practice of ethnographic knowledge-production through my fieldwork encounter with Álvaro, a political leader of fishers in Mexico’s oil-producing state, Tabasco. Exercising ethnographic reflexivity, I analyze how my relations with Álvaro and his family in a context of conflict between fishers and the oil industry shaped my analytical lens on the politics of resource access. The essay focuses on ambiguity as an overriding characteristic of the research encounter, and suggests that paralleling ambiguities in my analysing of Álvaro during fieldwork and in my own, gendered and racialized positionality within the family were formative for my perspective on fisher – oil industry politics. Furthermore, the analysis shows how my knowledge about the ‘field’ was made in the intersection of my and the family’s mutual efforts to draw each other into our categories of thinking, Álvaro’s reflection about his role in politics, and the wider historical and political economic context shaping the relations between the fishers and the oil industry in the Gulf of Mexico.…

Based on a recent expedition, we report 36 moss species and one liverwort species from Kyrgyzstan. Orthotrichum affine Brid. is a new record for the country, and several species are reported as new to various provinces. Many of the species are common in large areas of the Northern Hemisphere, which demonstrates how the bryophyte flora of Kyrgyzstan is still poorly known.

This article provides a case study from the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music (CASM), a specialist education provider and unique Australian Indigenous cultural institution for applied research, working in support of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander musicians and music at the University of Adelaide. The case study describes the founding philosophy, theoretical underpinning, policy framework, guiding principles and practical methodology of the work of CASM, with insights into inherent challenges in maintaining an Indigenous “cultural space” within a mainstream institutional setting, and the central importance, in such a setting, of collaborative and community-engaged policies and practices in working effectively for and with Indigenous musicians and stakeholder communities.

Tässä raportissa esitetään Kansalliseen rikosuhritutkimukseen (KRT) perustuvia tietoja uhkailujen, fyysisen väkivallan sekä omaisuusrikosten kohteeksi joutumisesta sekä väkivallan pelosta vuosina 2012–2016. Kansallinen rikosuhritutkimus on nimetön, 15–74-vuotiaille suunnattu kysely, johon vastasi vuonna 2016 yhteensä 6 159 Suomessa vakituisesti asuvaa henkilöä. * Vuonna 2016 kuusi prosenttia 15–74-vuotiaista suomalaisista oli joutunut läimäisyn tai sitä vakavamman väkivallan kohteeksi. Nuoret kokivat fyysistä väkivaltaa selvästi vanhempia ikäryhmiä enemmän. Fyysistä väkivaltaa kokeneiden osuus laski noin prosenttiyksikön edellisvuoteen nähden, mutta oli samalla tasolla kuin vuonna 2014. * Uhkailua kokeneita oli 10 prosenttia vastaajista. Uhkailua kokeneiden osuus oli samalla tasolla kuin aikaisempina vuosina. * Miesten ja naisten välillä ei ollut eroja fyysisen väkivallan kokemisessa. Miehet ilmoittivat kuitenkin kokeneensa uhkailua naisia useammin. * Vamman aiheuttaneen väkivallan kohteeksi oli joutunut neljä prosenttia 15–74-vuotiaista suomalaisista. Osuus oli edellisvuosien…

In recent years, value has become a central topic of marketing research and business practice and is now considered to be a foundation of all effective marketing activity. Value, however, is also one of the most debated and challenging concepts in contemporary marketing theory. The elusive nature of value has contributed to the difficulty for marketing researchers to define the concept. Several streams of value research exist within marketing literature, contributing to the fluid conceptualizations of value. The definition of value adopted by the recent service perspective on marketing theory is value as value-in-use. A fundamental principle of value-in-use is that value is always created and determined during use of products and services. But what is value-in-use, really? This thesis set out to explore what it means for customers in service contexts. Surprisingly little attention has been given in prior service marketing research to the question of how customers understand and interpret value-in-use. Such knowledge is essential for future research about value-in-use as well as for…

This article examines what the historians have called the “imperial cult” to describe a wide variety of homages celebrated in the imperial era for the emperor and the members of his family. From Augustus, a new religious language was organized around the imperial person on the rhetorical basis of isotheoi timai, of honours equal to those made to the gods. This type of amplified tribute, set up from Actium and exploiting the Caesarian heritage (divus Julius), founded the institutional architecture of the Principate, giving the Emperor a necessarily prominent position. In fact the cults and honours devoted to the emperor belongs to the rhetoric of power and explains in particular the great ambiguity of religious language developed around the imperial figure; it also explains the maintenance of the institution with Constantine and the Christian emperors, who kept the essential meaning of the institution based on an admittedly ambiguous ritual arsenal, but adapted to the celebration of the highest honours that shaped the imperial function.

While the growth of the elderly population is both inevitable and predictable, the experience of old age is changing rapidly. Changes in living arrangements and family forms as well as cohorts’ changing experiences of socioeconomic environments over the life-course will shape the experience of old age and have a substantial impact on the well-being, health and care needs of the elderly population. According to the latest population projections by Statistics Finland, the number of older Finns (65 and older) and old-age dependency ratio are likely to increase particularly rapidly in the next 20 years or so. However, little is known about the future prospects of living arrangements of older Finns. We use an 11% longitudinal sample of Finns aged 40 years and older drawn from population registration data to evaluate changes in living arrangements of 65+ Finnish men and women from 1987 to 2011 and project living arrangements to 2035 by educational level. We estimate proportions in various living arrangements and calculate multistate life table estimates of years lived in particular…

# Pikavippiuudistus on purrut erityisesti nuoriin aikuisiin Julkisten tilastojen ja velkomustuomioita koskevan analyysin mukaan kesän 2013 pikavippiuudistus on vähentänyt velkomustuomioiden lukumäärää erityisesti nuorilla aikuisilla. Luotonantoyrityksiin liittyvien velkasaatavien keskimääräinen suuruus velallista kohden on kuitenkin noussut lähes kaikissa ikäryhmissä. Kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutissa tarkasteltiin vuoden 2013 pikavippiuudistuksen vaikutuksia velkomustuomioiden valossa. Lisäksi selvitettiin, keille velkomustuomioita erityisesti kerääntyy ja minkälaisista veloista. Aineisto koostuu satunnaisotoksella kerätyistä yksipuolisista, yksityishenkilöä koskevista velkomustuomioista ajalta 1.7.2012–30.6.2014. Rajausten jälkeen analyysissä oli mukana 1 877 velkomustuomiota. Ne sisälsivät tiedon 3 149 velkapääoman suuruudesta ja alkuperäisestä velkojasta. Aineistoa analysoitiin määrällisesti. # Pikavippiuudistus on vähentänyt etenkin nuorten aikuisten velkaongelmia Käräjäoikeuksien ratkaisemissa velkomustuomioissa etenkin luotonantoyrityksiin liittyvien…

This paper describes an online algorithm for detecting cow's beat-to-beat interval on a small embedded microcontroller.The target device is an ECG implant which only provides limited calculation power and insufficient storage memory for long term complete ECG data logging.No common computationally efficient method for detecting the human R-wave was found successful for cattle ECG data with the used measurement configuration.Our algorithm detects a cow's S-wave, which is the most distinguishable part of the QRS-complex.The offset and amplitude adaptive algorithm utilizes only arithmetic operations and logic conditions.

Learning in collaboration with others with the support of a computer has been found to improve learning results and increase learner satisfaction in comparison to other methods of learning online, when implemented successfully. Many studies have, however, found that it is common that there is very little social interaction when learning online. This has been shown to be related to students dropping out, low levels of motivation and generally fails to harness the benefit of learning in collaboration with others.The aim of this study is to analyze learner's motivation to collaborate in an online course. Some studies regarding the motivation to collaborate exist in the tradition of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) but very few have taken into account the situational nature of motivation. The participants in this study were students taking part in an online course on responsible business at a university in Finland (N = 179). Their motivation was sampled by triggering the Situational Motivation Questionnaire (SIMS) when they performed collaborative acts, using what is…

The CoCoCo project aims to model multi-word expressions (MWEs) of diverse natures in a unified fashion. The algorithm predicts the most stable features in an n-gram—morphological, lexical, or constructional. In this article, we focus more on lexical compatibility of extracted collocations. At one extreme are lexically stable idioms, where no generalization is possible, e.g., lo and behold. Other collocations appear to be stable on a more abstract level of generalization. They are constructions where lexical items are replaceable but belong to the same semantic class, e.g., sleight of [hand/mouth/mind]. In this case, prediction of the entire semantic class is possible. To confirm this idea, we present a qualitative analysis of automatically extracted Russian MWEs. We then use distributional semantics methods to find semantic classes automatically and demonstrate that these correspond with manually annotated classes. This implies that the semantic classes can be used in the collocation detection algorithm.

This study looks at the way in which the good works inspired by religious motives are related to the secular understanding of development. The aim is to better understand how development workers with religious worldview define the concept of development and how their faith influences their thinking. Faith is understood as the source of values based on which the ideas of development are shaped. The task is approached by interviewing the Finnish staff members of a Pentecostal development organization, Fida International. Their staff members’ understanding of development is studied. Development as a religious concept is formulated based on the interviews. The background chapters give the context of the study by introducing the debate and connections between the concepts of religion and development. Also an introduction of the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is provided since in this study it represents the secular understanding of development. The key concepts of the approach: functionings, agency and development are used to analyze how religious values…

Conditions in and aroundSibiloi are challenging for wildlife and livestock.

The framework for the institution of the Committee on the Illicit Trade in Cultural Material of the European Association of Archaeologists is discussed. The Committee is defined in its aims and strategies.

This paper outlines a seven-point strategy to devise a system of continuous improvement of teacher quality and, through it, the quality of education as a whole. Education is one of the single most important initiatives that can be undertaken to improve the quality of life, financial security and economic potential of a given population. There is no disputing the benefits of a strong education system. The challenge is in the design and implementation of such a system, and creating the political will to see the system through. For such a program to be implemented, teacher quality and the quality of education as a whole must be considered a national priority. Educational and political leaders must support these initiatives publicly, place them on their policy agenda and establish a blue ribbon commission to develop a strategy to significantly and measurably improve teacher quality. The blue ribbon commission will audit the various policies and programs that influence teacher quality. By mapping these programs and their coherence, the commission will identify opportunities to increase…

Information and communication technology (ICT) has been successfully used to promote children's, youths' and teachers' competence in mathematics, science and technology in Finland through the LUMA Centre Finland. The LUMA ecosystem (LU stands for science and MA for mathematics) is a social innovation based on collaboration between 11 universities (including researchers and teacher trainers), educational administrations, the business sector, teachers, teacher associations, science museums and centers, families and the media. It is a Finnish model of how to promote LUMA learning, teaching and teacher training. One particular focus of the LUMA collaboration is to support the incorporation of information communication technology (ICT) into classroom practice, especially by supporting pre- and in-service teachers in building their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). This paper reviews some of the earlier research and development conducted by the LUMA Centre Finland on the incorporation of ICT into teacher training and non-formal science education. As an example, this…

In Erzya, transitivity is indexed both in the verb conjugation and the inflection of the object. The degree of definiteness and case of object alternate, while the verb displays the cross-reference of the person and number of both the subject and object. The morphologically complex transitivity marking system is a major challenge for speakers of Erzya as a second language. The article examines the variation of Erzya transitive clause in the light of data drawn from interviews with non-native Erzya speakers who have a Slavic or Turkic language as their first language. During the HALS fieldwork in Dubenskiy district at the Republic of Mordovia in August 2013, a survey test was made on 68 transitive clauses representing patterns of both high and low transitivity. The answers of the Erzya second language speakers showed that they had adopted Erzya transitivity as a system involving both nominal and verbal inflection. However, the marking of transitivity varied between individual speakers regardless of their background. Although the interviewed non-native Erzya speakers were very fluent,…

Multiple imputation (MI) is invented by Rubin in 1970’s. He recommends to create imputations through a Bayesian process. Most software’s are respectively following Bayesian principles. Since MI is not much used in official statistics, on the contrary to single imputation, any Bayesian framework is not there necessarily appropriate. Nevertheless, MI can be considered to be useful for several reasons. Björnstad suggests another approach, non-Bayesian imputation. It thus does not require any Bayesian rules for imputing the missing values several times. This paper first presents an approach to imputation that is not much applied. It strictly follows a two-stage strategy, so that the imputation model is first estimated and then completed by the imputation task. These tasks are called model-donor and real-donor that are clearer than those used traditionally. The approach is concretized with apattern of examples in which the variable being imputed is income. Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods are compared. The main result is that a Bayesian framework is not necessarily superior, at least if…

Found together in nature, the isolation of rare earth elements (REEs) has always been challenging. Their separation usually involves processes including solvent extraction, precipitation and ion exchange. Zeolites are well-known for their ion exchange capabilities that would be potentially applicable for the REEs separation. This study primarily investigated the ion exchange behavior of REEs onto several types of zeolites, namely the Ferrierite, the Faujasite and the Linde Type L. These zeolites were chosen because of their altered framework type and controllable charge density through synthesis. The commercially available zeolites were systematically characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Lanthanum was chosen as the model REE. The pH-uptake behavior of La on zeolites was studied extensively. Results showed that among all our selected zeolites, only LTL gave reasonable amount of La ion exchange capacity (0.16 mmol/g at pH 3). Subsequently, the…

There is much more to democracy in a globalised world than the liberalist idea that it promotes bilateral state-to-state peace. In this chapter, I examine the state of the art in these three regards: the theory of democratic peace, the theory of cosmopolitan democracy, and theories about the conditions of security community, this last understood in terms of peaceful changes, self-transformative capacity of contexts, and democracy. In that connection, I reopen the Rousseauian and Marxian question of whether private property in some sense can also be a reason for state violence, or political violence more generally. I argue that as the world has seen a return to the economic liberal ideals of the nineteenth century, it is plausible to assume that the Marxian question too has become again more acutely relevant.

This study examines the corporate capital gains taxation in Nordic countries, European Union and Finland. The main perspective is in the corporate income tax law, but because of the multidisciplinary subject of the corporate capital gains taxation, this study also has an economic perspective. Before analyzing the taxation itself, the basic concepts for the study are introduced such as the concept of capital, income and capital gain. Also the tax framework of this study is introduced by describing the most significant features and issues in corporate income taxation and in corporate capital gains taxation. Corporate capital gains taxation is discussed by starting with Nordic countries, continuing with European Union member states and finally ending up with Finland. A rough comparative summary is created at the end of each of these sections. Recent changes having taken place until January 2015 in the corporate capital gains taxation are also included in the study. Taxation is investigated based on the existing tax law literature, and the analysis is fulfilled with the help of the…

A sediment core from Lake Svartvatnet, Svalbard, was analysed for the oxygen isotope composition preserved in the head capsules of subfossil chironomid larvae. This provided the basis for reconstructions of past oxygen isotope composition of lake water, past mean annual oxygen isotope composition of local precipitation and the past mean annual air temperature. The reconstructions were made according to calibrations previously established for coastal northeastern North America and continental Europe. The aims of the research were to study long-term natural climate variability in a climatically sensitive area in the Arctic, and to evaluate the utilisation of the aforementioned method in such research, in particular within the environmental parameters of the study location. The core spanned over 5000 years, and the reconstructions show environmental changes related to a relatively stable mid-Holocene period, Little Ice Age, and modern warming. The mean annual temperature results were also compared with reconstructed mean July temperatures from a chironomid assemblage study. The…

The localized, crustal magnetic fields on the Moon show complex interactions with the impinging solar wind. Understanding these interactions aid in characterizing the lunar plasma and dust environment, in developing advanced remote imaging techniques for airless bodies such as the Moon and Mercury, and in comprehending the basic plasma processes of plasma environments and phenomena on the Hall physics scale. In this work a lunar magnetic anomaly is modeled in the mesoscale of hundreds of kilometers with 100 nT surface field anomaly. A numerical hybrid plasma model is employed, in which ions are treated as fully kinetic macroparticles, with electrons providing a massless, charge-neutralizing fluid. The effects of electron currents in these environments are discussed, and results of the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field conditions on the minimagnetosphere are presented in three cases: Open, closed, nominal. Results for three different impinging solar wind velocities in the nominal case are presented. The results are compared with satellite observations and are found to…

Recent scholarship on early Christian martyrdom tends to be sceptical towards the traditional picture according to which Roman emperors wanted to destroy the emerging Christianity and ordered numerous believers who did not take part in the imperial cult to be executed. The vast majority of sources are written from a Christian point of view; they are narratives of uncompromising commitment and the superiority of the Christian faith, not disinterested reports of what happened. No matter how slim the historical evidence on early Christian martyrdom, its ideological significance was remarkable – the sentiment of belonging to a persecuted minority was an important factor of Christian identity. Part of this ideology was to portray the emperor as an archenemy of Christianity, an agent of ultimate evil who is in constant warfare with the divine. Even though the emperors seldom appear in the trial scenes of martyrs, they have an important part to play in the stories of martyrdom. They are present through their officials and their decrees and it is these unjust imperial orders that result in…

This article deals with the question of the role of gods involved with cultivation, grain and food supply in the Roman imperial iconography during the reign of Septimius Severus. By evaluating numismatic and written evidence, as well as inscriptions, the article discusses which gods related to grain and cultivation received most attention from Septimius Severus, and how their use helped the emperor to stabilize his rule. It appears that the three main deities used by Severus were Annona, Ceres and Tellus. The use of Annona and Ceres was concentrated in the first years of Severan rule, when the emperor was out of the capital and fighting wars. Apparently, the importance of Annona, the goddess symbolizing imperial food supply, was connected with the acts of the emperor: wars and other crisis were periods when food supplies to the capital were often under threat. When Severus returned to Rome for a somewhat longer period, more emphasis was put on Tellus, traditional goddess of agriculture and a deity connected with a Golden Age – as the emperor was now in the capital, this meant an age…

The potential of tourism in the development of rural or otherwise marginal areas is nowadays widely acknowledged. From the perspective of community development, community-based tourism (CBT) is often considered as a sustainable form of tourism as opposed to traditional mass tourism. This is due to the emphasis that in CBT is put on the local participation in decision-making and management of tourism as well as the resulting benefits. However, the concept of CBT has often been criticized of failing in practice and resulting e.g. in the benefits being accrued to the elites of the community. It has been proposed that the so called asset-based community development approach (ABCD), an approach to community development that emphasizes the existing assets of the community, could be used to improve the community-based tourism efforts, as the ABCD promotes participation and highlights the potential of also the marginalized groups in the community. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the potential of the asset approach in improving community-based tourism. This was done through…

In 2011 AA Sakatti Mining Oy published a promising ore discovery in Sodankylä, Finnish Lapland. The need for more knowledge led to the start of Sakatti geoenvironments -project in collaboration with the University of Helsinki. As a part of this project, the Holocene paleohydrology of Viiankiaapa mire was reconstructed. Viiankiaapa mire is located on the eastern side of Kitinen River and has developed in close connection to it. It is a large aapamire complex consisting of multiple smaller minerotrophic mire sites and bogs. Viiankiaapa conservation area was first established in 1988. A large portion of Viiankiaapa is now part of the Natura 2000 conservation network. To study the development and paleohydrology of Viiankiaapa mire, a 4.3 meter peat core (VA310315, 7497803 N/0490511 E) was collected using a Russian peat sampler. From the peat core, six specimens from increasing depth levels were sampled for age determinations to establish reliable chronology. Dating was conducted at LUOMUS Laboratory of chronology at the University of Helsinki, using 14C AMS dating method. Peat…

Surrogacy is a debated way of having children. It divides people, and jurisdictions in those who endorse it and those who do not accept it. Just within Europe there are multiple approaches adopted on its regulation, alternating between permissive take on it to total bans and criminal sanctions. Globalisation, advancement of medicine and digitalisation have contributed to enabling the providers of surrogacy services in countries where it is legal with the people in the countries where it is not permitted at all or where they are not eligible to take part in such an agreement, who want to have a child through a surrogacy arrangement. This has created a completely unregulated global market of service providers and cross-border reproductive patients circumventing domestic legislation. The diversity of regulatory approaches in national legislation in Europe combined with the total absence of international regulation create a robust foundation to exploitation and human rights infringements in surrogacy cases. Most European states have ratified the European Convention on Human Rights, and…

Seksuaalivähemmistöjen oikeudet ovat kansainvälisesti ajankohtainen puheenaihe. Etelä-Koreassa seksuaalivähemmistöjen oikeuksia ei kuitenkaan vielä pidetä tärkeänä ihmisoikeuskysymyksenä eikä seksuaalivähemmistöillä ole lainsäädännöllistä turvaa häiriköinniltä tai epäoikeudenmukaiselta kohtelulta. Pro gradu-tutkielma käsittelee homoseksuaalisten miesten asemaa ja heihin kohdistuvia asenteita eteläkorealaisten yliopisto-opiskelijoiden keskuudessa. Tutkimuksessa vastataan kysymyksiin siitä, millainen asema homoseksuaalisuudella on ollut Korean historiassa, miten homoseksuaalisuus käsitetään nyky-yhteiskunnassa, millaisia asenteita korealaisilla yliopisto-opiskelijoilla on homoseksuaalisuutta kohtaan ja miten seksuaalivähemmistöt esitetään Etelä-Korean mediassa. Tutkielmaa varten on kerätty aineistoa online-kyselylomakkeella, jota jaettiin korealaisille alempaa tai ylempää korkeakoulututkintoa tai jatko-opintoja suorittaville opiskelijoille, sekä mahdollisesti välivuotta pitäville, noin 18-27–vuotiaille. Kyselylomakkeen tuloksia verrataan Asan Institute for Policy Research –instituutin…

Tarkastelen Pro Gradu -tutkielmassani hashtagien pragmaattisia funktioita Twitter-viestinnässä, hashtagien vaikutusta Twitter-viestien sisältöön ja pohdin, voiko hashtageja kutsua pragmaattisiksi markkereiksi. Tutkimukseni teoreettinen tausta pohjautuu verkkoviestinnän, sosiaalisenmedian ja pragmaattisten markkereiden tutkimukseen. Aineistoni koostuu pienestä korpuksesta, jonka keräsin tutkielmaa varten marras- ja joulukuussa 2015. Korpus koostuu 400 Twitter-viestistä, joihin sisältyy hashtag #justkidding ja #sorry. Analysoin tutkielmassani korpukseen kerätyt Twitter-viestit pragmatiikan ja pragmaattisten markkereiden näkökulmasta. Molempien hashtagien pragmaattisista funktioista muodostuu kaksi kategoriaa. Nämä kategoriat ovat sarkasmi ja pehmennys (#justkidding) sekä vakava anteeksipyyntö ja rituaalinen anteeksipyyntö (#sorry). Tutkielmassani esitän, että hashtagien käyttö on laajentunut perinteisestä temaattisesta ja aihekohtaisesta käytöstä myös interpersonaaliseen käyttöön. Tutkimuksen molemmat hashtagit, #justkidding ja #sorry, ovat luonteeltaan interpersonaalisia ja niitä voi…

Tekstintunnistus (eng. optical character recognition, OCR) on nykyään laajalle levinnyt painettujen ja konekirjoitettujen tekstien koneellinen digitointimenetelmä. Kansalliskirjasto on vienyt historiallisen sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiaineistonsa digitaaliseen muotoon juuri optista hahmontunnistusta käyttäen, ja tuloksena syntynyt suomenkielinen korpus, käsittää yli kolme miljardia sanetta. Digitointiin käytetyn OCR-sovelluksen tekemien virheiden vuoksi suuri etenkin vanhat fraktuuratyyppisiä kirjaisimia käyttävät julkaisut ovat digitoidussa muodossaan kuitenkin pitkälti käyttökelvottomia. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma esittelee uudentyyppisen OCR-virheiden korjausmenetelmän, joka perustuu äärellistilaisena transduktorina toteutettuihin, rinnakkain sovellettaviin painollisiin korvaussääntöihin sekä kielimalliin. Työn tarkoituksena on selvittää, onko kyseistä menetelmää käyttämällä mahdollista vähentää digitoidussa tekstissä esiintyvien virheiden määrää. Korvaussäännöstön rakentamiseen käytetään digitoidusta sanomalehdistä sekä näiden käsin korjatuista versioista saatuja merkkijonopareja.…

Vaikka nykyaikaisia, konenäön (computer vision) alalla kehitettyjä fotogrammetrisia menetelmiä käytetään yleisesti rikostieteissä, niiden soveltuvuutta joukkohautakaivausten dokumentointiin ei ole arvioitu. Myöskään menetelmien tai niillä tuotetun aineiston hyväksyttävyyttä todisteena oikeudenkäynnissä ei ole määritetty. Fotogrammetria on kuitenkin monilta osin soveltuvampi menetelmä joukkohautojen dokumentointiin rikoskontekstissa kuin nykyisin käytettävä takymetrimittaus: Fotogrammetria on objektiivinen ja kajoamaton menetelmä, jonka avulla todistusaineiston sijainti ja ulkoinen olemus voidaan dokumentoida perusteellisesti ja tarkasti, vaarantamatta todistusaineiston koskemattomuutta (integrity of evidence). Lisäksi fotogrammetria on hyvin nopea kenttädokumentointimenetelmä, ja nykyisten Structure-from-Motion -tekniikoiden avulla kohteista voidaan luoda visuaalisesti tehokkaita, fotorealistisia kolmiulotteisia malleja miltei tai täysin automaattisesti. Tutkielman tavoitteena on määrittää fotogrammetrian soveltuvuus joukkohautakaivausten dokumentointiin rikoskontekstissa sekä…

Nivhin kieli on Venäjän Kaukoidässä puhuttava isolaattikieli. Kieli on vakavasti uhanalainen, eikä se enää siirry lapsille. Arviot nykyisestä puhujamäärästä vaihtelevat joistakin kymmenistä satoihin. Tutkielmassa kartoitettiin nivhin kielelle ominaista alkukonsonanttien alternaatiota (Consonant Mutation) ja siinä esiintyvää vaihtelua. Alternaatio tapahtuu samapaikkaisten klusiilien ja frikatiivien välillä, esim. cus pəɲx ’lihakeitto’ mutta cʰo vəɲx ’kalakeitto’. Fonologisen ympäristön lisäksi alternaatio vaatii tietyn morfosyntaktisen kontekstin. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää alternaation säännönmukaisuutta nykyisten nivhin puhujien kielessä. Omien kenttätyöhavaintojeni perusteella oli syytä epäillä, että nykyisillä puhujilla alternaatiot eivät toteudu yhtä johdonmukaisesti kuin kirjallisuudessa on tavallisesti esitetty. Tukea tälle hypoteesille oli löydettävissä kelttiläisten kielten vastaavankaltaisissa alternaatioissa havaitusta kehityksestä kielen käytön vähentyessä. Lisäksi oli ennalta tiedossa, että resonanttien jälkeisessä ympäristössäalternaatiossa on runsaasti…

Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common childhood psychiatric disorders and is marked by persistent, age-inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. The present study examines cortical oscillations in adults diagnosed with ADHD/ADD during administration of T.O.V.A. (Test of Variables of Attention). T.O.V.A. is a continuous performance test (CPT) that measures the ability to sustain attention for a prolonged period of time. The motivation for the study is to contribute to the diagnostic picture of ADHD through the novel combination of T.O.V.A. with an EEG measurement. Parieto-occipital alpha and frontomedial theta are examined in particular as they have been linked to sustained attention as measured in CPTs. Methods: 53 adults diagnosed with ADHD/ADD and 18 healthy controls were recruited. Concomitant T.O.V.A. and EEG was measured. Oscillatory power in theta and alpha bands was compared between groups and between different behavioural conditions. Results & Conclusions: T.O.V.A. performance of healthy controls…

The fact that Esperanto has native speakers proves that its structure is not significantly different from that of natural languges. However, native speakers of Esperanto have not initiated changes in the language, nor do they have a central role in the speech community. As Esperanto does not possess a real community of native speakers, it is not a creole. Rather there have been spontaneous changes in the structure of the language that are similar to those taking place in natural languages, and which were initiated by anonymous, probably non-native speakers. For the proper understanding of the roles of native speakers and the speech community of Esperanto, an interesting parallel is presented by the minority languages being revitalized, especially those which can be sociolinguistically characterized as in-group second languages.

Tietokonelingvistiikan menetelmien kehitys erityisesti neuroverkkoihin perustuvien kielimallien saralla on mahdollistanut tekstien ja näissä esiintyvien merkityssisältöjen tehokkaan mallintamisen suurten aineistojen pohjalta. Vaikka useita menetelmiä kielimallien rakentamiseen on esitetty, merkitys eli semantiikka on kuitenkin kompleksinen ilmiö, jonka mallintamisen tarkkuudesta ja validiteetista on esitetty verrattain vähän tutkimusta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on arvioida eri kielimallien validiteettia, erityisesti suhteessa suomenkielisen verkkokeskusteludatan sisältöjen representoimiseen. Malleja ja näihin liittyviä tietokonelingvistiikan menetelmiä arvioidaan kolmessa eri tutkimuksessa, joista kullakin estimoidaan eri semantiikan osa-aluetta. Tutkimuksessa käsitellyt kielimallit rakennettiin hyödyntäen word2vec-työkalua. Mallien opetusaineistona käytettiin yhteensä noin 2,6 miljardia sanetta sisältävää suomenkielisten verkkokeskustelujen Suomi24-korpusta. Yhteensä tutkimuksessa rakennettiin 18 kielimallia, joista kukin eri yhdistelmällä kielidatan ja –mallien käsittelyn…

According to Leibniz, there is no death in the sense that the human being or animal is destroyed completely. This is due to his metaphysical pluralism which would suffer if the number of substances decreased. While animals transform into other animals after “death”, human beings are rewarded or punished of their behavior in this life. This paper presents a comprehensive account of how Leibniz thought the “death” to take place and discusses his often unclear views on the life after death. I will also present a new, naturalistic reading of Leibniz’s views on afterlife.

In the recent years several Nationaal Mapping Agencies have initiated projects to explore citizens' participation to improve the quality of the topographic data.One of the conclusions was that the data coming from crowdsourcing initiatives is not always uniform and countrywide.The question is: how to collect uniform and complete countrywide data that can be used to enrich the Topographical Key Registers in a sustainable way?In a new project 'Crowdsourcing at school!' the dutch Kadaster explores the possibility to collect uniform data with a national coverage by means of curriculum for children in primary schools.At the same time children practice their geographical orientation and their role in the society as an active contributor to the governmental data.The results of this project help finding answer for the optimal usability of the crowdsourced data and its applicability to Topographical Key Register in different countires.

“The Nordic Model is dead” the Finnish Prime Minister Esko Aho said in 1997. The Nordic identity which originated during the Cold War experienced an ontological crisis with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the bipolar world order. In the 1990’s discourses of Europeanisation emerged and the Nordic identity was by many deemed a Cold War construct. Since the middle of the 2000s Nordic cooperation gained a stronghold where it previously had not existed: within security cooperation. The overall re-emergence of Nordic cooperation took place in parallel with the growing Russian superpower ambitions. Since 2009 there have been more notable advances in Nordic security cooperation through the establishment of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) and the signing of the Nordic Declaration of Solidarity. These advances are remarkable because security has previously been a non-issue in the construction of the Nordic identity. The inclusion of security and defence cooperation in the Nordic identity can be labelled paradigmatic. The theoretical approach is one of…