The 100 most-cited articles in Cureus, 2023

In addition to the apparent physical health benefits, physical activity also affects mental health positively. Physically inactive individuals have been reported to have higher rates of morbidity and healthcare expenditures. Commonly, exercise therapy is recommended to combat these challenges and preserve mental wellness. According to empirical investigations, physical activity is positively associated with certain mental health traits. In nonclinical investigations, the most significant effects of physical exercise have been on self-concept and body image. An attempt to review the current understanding of the physiological and psychological mechanisms by which exercise improves mental health is presented in this review article. Regular physical activity improves the functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Depression and anxiety appear to be influenced by physical exercise, but to a smaller extent in the population than in clinical patients. Numerous hypotheses attempt to explain the connection between physical fitness and mental wellness. Physical activity was shown…

Objective The primary aim of this research was to address the limitations observed in the medical knowledge of prevalent large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, by creating a specialized language model with enhanced accuracy in medical advice. Methods We achieved this by adapting and refining the large language model meta-AI (LLaMA) using a large dataset of 100,000 patient-doctor dialogues sourced from a widely used online medical consultation platform. These conversations were cleaned and anonymized to respect privacy concerns. In addition to the model refinement, we incorporated a self-directed information retrieval mechanism, allowing the model to access and utilize real-time information from online sources like Wikipedia and data from curated offline medical databases. Results The fine-tuning of the model with real-world patient-doctor interactions significantly improved the model's ability to understand patient needs and provide informed advice. By equipping the model with self-directed information retrieval from reliable online and offline sources, we observed…

Background Chatbots are computer programs that use artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) to simulate conversations with humans. One such chatbot is ChatGPT, which uses the third-generation generative pre-trained transformer (GPT-3) developed by OpenAI. ChatGPT has been praised for its ability to generate text, but concerns have been raised about its accuracy and precision in generating data, as well as legal issues related to references. This study aims to investigate the frequency of AI hallucination in research proposals entirely drafted by ChatGPT. Methodology An analytical design was employed to investigate AI hallucination by ChatGPT. A total of 178 references listed by ChatGPT were verified for inclusion in the study. Statistical analysis was performed by five researchers who entered their data into a Google Form, and the final results were represented using pie charts and tables. Results Out of the 178 references analyzed, 69 references did not have a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and 28 references neither turned up on Google search nor had an…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to improve healthcare outcomes by facilitating early diagnosis, reducing the medical administrative burden, aiding drug development, personalising medical and oncological management, monitoring healthcare parameters on an individual basis, and allowing clinicians to spend more time with their patients. In the post-pandemic world where there is a drive for efficient delivery of healthcare and manage long waiting times for patients to access care, AI has an important role in supporting clinicians and healthcare systems to streamline the care pathways and provide timely and high-quality care for the patients. Despite AI technologies being used in healthcare for some decades, and all the theoretical potential of AI, the uptake in healthcare has been uneven and slower than anticipated and there remain a number of barriers, both overt and covert, which have limited its incorporation. This literature review highlighted barriers in six key areas: ethical, technological, liability and regulatory, workforce, social, and patient safety barriers.…

Stigma, characterized by negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, is a significant impediment in psychiatric care, deterring the timely provision of this care and hindering optimal health outcomes. Pervasive in all aspects of psychiatric care, stigma leads to delayed treatment, increased morbidity, and diminished quality of life for those with poor mental health. Hence, better understanding the impact of stigma across different cultural contexts is critically essential, aiming to inform culturally nuanced strategies to minimize its consequences and contribute to a more equitable and effective psychiatric care system. The purpose of the present literature review is twofold (i) to examine the existing research on the stigma surrounding psychiatry across different cultural contexts and (ii) to identify the commonalities and differences in the nature, magnitude, and consequences of this stigma in different cultures in the psychiatry field. In addition, potential strategies for addressing stigma will be proposed. The review covers a range of countries and cultural settings,…

Background The availability of large language models such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT, OpenAI) has enabled individuals from diverse backgrounds to access medical information. However, concerns exist about the accuracy of ChatGPT responses and the references used to generate medical content. Methods This observational study investigated the authenticity and accuracy of references in medical articles generated by ChatGPT. ChatGPT-3.5 generated 30 short medical papers, each with at least three references, based on standardized prompts encompassing various topics and therapeutic areas. Reference authenticity and accuracy were verified by searching Medline, Google Scholar, and the Directory of Open Access Journals. The authenticity and accuracy of individual ChatGPT-generated reference elements were also determined. Results Overall, 115 references were generated by ChatGPT, with a mean of 3.8±1.1 per paper. Among these references, 47% were fabricated, 46% were authentic but inaccurate, and only 7% were authentic and accurate. The likelihood of fabricated…

Children's heavy reliance on screen media has raised serious public health issues since it might harm their cognitive, linguistic, and social-emotional growth. This study examines the effects of screen time on many developmental domains and covers management and limitation techniques for kids' screen usage. Screen media has a wide range of cognitive consequences, with both beneficial and detrimental effects noted. Screens can improve education and learning; however, too much time spent in front of a screen and multitasking with other media has been related to worse executive functioning and academic performance. As screen time reduces the amount and quality of interactions between children and their caregivers, it can also have an impact on language development. Contextual elements like co-viewing and topic appropriateness are key in determining how language development is impacted. Additionally, excessive screen usage has detrimental effects on social and emotional growth, including a rise in the likelihood of obesity, sleep disorders, and mental health conditions including…

Diabetes mellitus poses a substantial global health challenge, necessitating innovative approaches to improve patient outcomes. Conventional one-size-fits-all treatment strategies have shown limitations in addressing the diverse nature of the disease. In recent years, personalized medicine has emerged as a transformative solution, tailoring treatment plans based on individual genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and health characteristics. This review highlights the role of genetic screening in predicting diabetes susceptibility and response to treatment, as well as the potential of pharmacogenomics in optimizing medication choices. Moreover, it discusses the incorporation of lifestyle modifications and behavioral interventions to empower patients in their health journey. Telemedicine and remote patient monitoring are also examined for their role in enhancing accessibility and adherence. Ethical considerations and challenges in implementing personalized medicine are addressed. The review envisions a future where personalized medicine becomes a cornerstone in diabetes management,…

Robotic surgery, a groundbreaking advancement in medical technology, has redefined the landscape of surgical procedures. This comprehensive overview explores the multifaceted world of robotic surgery, encompassing its definition, historical development, current applications, clinical outcomes, benefits, emerging frontiers, challenges, and future implications. We delve into the fundamentals of robotic surgical systems, examining their components and advantages. From general and gynecological surgery to urology, cardiac surgery, orthopedics, and beyond, we highlight the diverse specialties where robotic surgery is making a significant impact. The many benefits discussed include improved patient outcomes, reduced complications, faster recovery times, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced surgeon experiences. The outlook reveals a healthcare landscape where robotic surgery is increasingly vital, enabling personalized medicine, bridging healthcare disparities, and advancing surgical precision. However, challenges such as cost, surgeon training, technical issues, ethical considerations, and…

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare promises groundbreaking advancements in patient care, revolutionizing clinical diagnosis, predictive medicine, and decision-making. This transformative technology uses machine learning, natural language processing, and large language models (LLMs) to process and reason like human intelligence. OpenAI's ChatGPT, a sophisticated LLM, holds immense potential in medical practice, research, and education. However, as AI in healthcare gains momentum, it brings forth profound ethical challenges that demand careful consideration. This comprehensive review explores key ethical concerns in the domain, including privacy, transparency, trust, responsibility, bias, and data quality. Protecting patient privacy in data-driven healthcare is crucial, with potential implications for psychological well-being and data sharing. Strategies like homomorphic encryption (HE) and secure multiparty computation (SMPC) are vital to preserving confidentiality. Transparency and trustworthiness of AI systems are essential, particularly in high-risk…

Regular physical activity has several health benefits, including improved sleep quality and symptoms of sleep disorders. With the known benefits of moderate-intensity activities to sleep quality and a growing interest in using physical activity as a treatment approach for different sleep disorders, we conducted a systematic review to provide evidence-based data on the association between physical activity and sleep. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Google Scholar, and Scopus, using predetermined search terms (Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms) and keywords. The included studies focused on exploring the effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorders or the association between physical activity and sleep outcomes. Relevant data were extracted, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using suitable methods. The collected findings were synthesized and discussed. The findings of this systematic review have potential implications for healthcare, public health policies, and…

Adolescents increasingly find it difficult to picture their lives without social media. Practitioners need to be able to assess risk, and social media may be a new component to consider. Although there is limited empirical evidence to support the claim, the perception of the link between social media and mental health is heavily influenced by teenage and professional perspectives. Privacy concerns, cyberbullying, and bad effects on schooling and mental health are all risks associated with this population's usage of social media. However, ethical social media use can expand opportunities for connection and conversation, as well as boost self-esteem, promote health, and gain access to critical medical information. Despite mounting evidence of social media's negative effects on adolescent mental health, there is still a scarcity of empirical research on how teens comprehend social media, particularly as a body of wisdom, or how they might employ wider modern media discourses to express themselves. Youth use cell phones and other forms of media in large numbers, resulting in chronic…

Robotic surgery (RS) is an evolution of minimally invasive surgery that combines medical science, robotics, and engineering. The first robots approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were the Da Vinci Surgical System and the ZEUS Robotic Surgical System, which have been improving over time. Through the decades, the equipment applied to RS had undergone a wide transformation as a response to the development of new techniques and facilities for the assembly and implementation of the own. RS has revolutionized the field of urology, enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision and accuracy, and many other surgical specialties such as gynecology, general surgery, otolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, and neurosurgery. Several benefits, such as a better approach to the surgical site, a three-dimensional image that improves depth perception, and smaller scars, enhance range of motion, allowing the surgeon to conduct more complicated surgical operations, and reduced postoperative complications have made robotic-assisted surgery an increasingly popular…

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties. However, their use is often associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects due to the inhibition of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, leading to a decrease in gastroprotective prostaglandins (PG). To minimize these adverse effects, various approaches have been explored, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, NO-NSAIDs (nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs), and dual COX/LOX (lipoxygenase) NSAIDs. However, the effects of these gastroprotective NSAIDs on the GIT and their efficacy remains uncertain. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effects of traditional NSAIDs and gastroprotective NSAIDs on GIT. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of GIT damage caused by NSAIDs, including mucosal injury, ulceration, and bleeding, and the potential of gastroprotective NSAIDs to mitigate these effects. We also summarize recent studies on the efficacy and safety of various gastroprotective NSAIDs and highlight the…

Social media refers to online social networking sites and is a broad example of Web 2.0, such as Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, Instagram, WhatsApp, and blogs. It is a new and ever-changing field. Access to the internet, social media platforms and mobile communications are all tools that can be leveraged to make health information available and accessible. This research aimed to conduct an introductory study of the existing published literature on why to choose and how to use social media to obtain population health information and to gain knowledge about various health sectors like disease surveillance, health education, health research, health and behavioral modification, influence policy, enhance professional development and doctor-patient relation development. We searched for publications using databases like PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar, and combined 2022 social media usage statistics from PWC, Infographics Archive, and Statista online websites. The American Medical Association (AMA) policy about Professionalism in Social Media Use, American College…

Diabetes mellitus, with a growing risk of developing complications, has a significant negative impact on cardiovascular health, including microvascular and macrovascular issues. This thorough narrative study methodically examines the complex connection between cardiovascular problems and diabetes. We start by thoroughly introducing diabetes mellitus, classifying its various forms, and discussing its growing global impact. Then, we examine retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in detail, illuminating their biology, clinical presentations, and treatment options. Moving on to macrovascular consequences, we investigate the complex relationships between diabetes and coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, emphasizing risk factors, diagnostic standards, and treatment plans designed for people with diabetes. The review analyzes the pathophysiological pathways that link diabetes to cardiovascular problems, including endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and oxidative stress brought on by hyperglycemia. Additionally, we…

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine by, among other applications, improving diagnostic accuracy and supporting clinical decision-making. However, the successful integration of LLMs in medicine requires addressing challenges and considerations specific to the medical domain. This viewpoint article provides a comprehensive overview of key aspects for the successful implementation of LLMs in medicine, including transfer learning, domain-specific fine-tuning, domain adaptation, reinforcement learning with expert input, dynamic training, interdisciplinary collaboration, education and training, evaluation metrics, clinical validation, ethical considerations, data privacy, and regulatory frameworks. By adopting a multifaceted approach and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, LLMs can be developed, validated, and integrated into medical practice responsibly, effectively, and ethically, addressing the needs of various medical disciplines and diverse patient populations. Ultimately, this approach will ensure that LLMs enhance patient…

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition made up of enduring challenges in social communication and interaction and the presence of repetitive and restricted behavior patterns. Early diagnosis of autism is crucial for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes. This review aims to explore some of its signs and symptoms, look into some diagnostic tools, and analyze the benefits and risks associated with an early diagnosis of autism. The symptoms of ASD vary from child to child, some of which are: avoidance of eye contact, lack of response to names, excessive fear, and lack of interactive and pretend play. Early identification of these symptoms by caregivers and healthcare providers facilitates the need for diagnosis and appropriate interventions. Some screening and diagnostic tools that have been found to help make the diagnosis are the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), and the Childhood Autism Rating…

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and debilitating mental health condition affecting many mothers worldwide. This review article aims to explore the complex effects of PPD on mothers and infants, focusing on maternal care. The transition to motherhood is a critical period characterized by numerous physical, psychological, and social changes, making women vulnerable to the onset of PPD. Consequently, PPD can significantly impact a mother's ability to provide optimal care for her infant, leading to potential adverse consequences for both parties. The article synthesizes existing research literature on the topic, encompassing studies from various disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, obstetrics, and pediatrics. It begins by providing an overview of the prevalence and risk factors associated with PPD, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention. The impact of PPD on maternal caregiving behaviors, such as bonding, sensitivity, and responsiveness, is then examined, highlighting the potential disruptions in the mother-infant relationship. Furthermore, the…

This comprehensive review delves into the impact and challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in nursing science and healthcare. AI has already demonstrated its transformative potential in these fields, with applications spanning from personalized care and diagnostic accuracy to predictive analytics and telemedicine. However, the integration of AI has its complexities, including concerns related to data privacy, ethical considerations, and biases in algorithms and datasets. The future of healthcare appears promising, with AI poised to advance diagnostics, treatment, and healthcare practices. Nevertheless, it is crucial to remember that AI should complement, not replace, healthcare professionals, preserving the essential human element of care. To maximize AI's potential in healthcare, interdisciplinary collaboration, ethical guidelines, and the protection of patient rights are essential. This review concludes with a call to action, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and collective efforts to ensure that AI contributes to improved healthcare outcomes while upholding the…

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is evolving for healthcare services. Higher cognitive thinking in AI refers to the ability of the system to perform advanced cognitive processes, such as problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and perception. This type of thinking goes beyond simple data processing and involves the ability to understand and manipulate abstract concepts, interpret, and use information in a contextually relevant way, and generate new insights based on past experiences and accumulated knowledge. Natural language processing models like ChatGPT is a conversational program that can interact with humans to provide answers to queries. Objective We aimed to ascertain the capability of ChatGPT in solving higher-order reasoning in the subject of pathology. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on the internet using an AI-based chat program that provides free service for research purposes. The current version of ChatGPT (January 30 version) was used to converse with a total of 100 higher-order reasoning queries. These questions were randomly selected from…

This comprehensive review delves into the critical role of effective hospital administration in shaping patient outcomes within the healthcare ecosystem. Exploration of key components, strategies, measurement methodologies, and future trends elucidates the multifaceted nature of hospital administration. Key findings underscore the profound impact of administrative decisions and practices on patient safety, satisfaction, and overall well-being. The review highlights the importance of patient-centred care and interdisciplinary collaboration for enhancing patient outcomes. It emphasises the significance of data-driven measurement and benchmarking, which are instrumental in assessing hospital performance and fostering continuous improvement. Looking ahead, emerging technologies, evolving healthcare policies, and persistent challenges are drivers of change in healthcare administration. However, amidst these transformations, the overarching message remains consistent: effective hospital administration is integral to improving patient outcomes. The conclusion calls for a collective…

ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot, has rapidly gained prominence in various domains, including medical education and healthcare literature. This hybrid narrative review, conducted collaboratively by human authors and ChatGPT, aims to summarize and synthesize the current knowledge of ChatGPT in the indexed medical literature during its initial four months. A search strategy was employed in PubMed and EuropePMC databases, yielding 65 and 110 papers, respectively. These papers focused on ChatGPT's impact on medical education, scientific research, medical writing, ethical considerations, diagnostic decision-making, automation potential, and criticisms. The findings indicate a growing body of literature on ChatGPT's applications and implications in healthcare, highlighting the need for further research to assess its effectiveness and ethical concerns.

Medical education has ventured into a new arena of computer-assisted teaching powered by artificial intelligence (AI). In medical institutions, AI can serve as an intelligent tool facilitating the decision-making process effectively. AI can enhance teaching by assisting in developing new strategies for educators. Similarly, students also benefit from intelligent systems playing the role of competent teachers. Thus, AI-integrated medical education paves new opportunities for advanced teaching and learning experiences and improved outcomes. On the other hand, optical mark recognition and automated scoring are ways AI can also transform into a real-time assessor and evaluator in medical education. This review summarizes the AI tools and their application in medical teaching or learning, assessment, and administrative support. This article can aid medical institutes in planning and implementing AI according to the needs of the educators.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed pharmacological research through machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing. These advancements have greatly influenced drug discovery, development, and precision medicine. AI algorithms analyze vast biomedical data identifying potential drug targets, predicting efficacy, and optimizing lead compounds. AI has diverse applications in pharmacological research, including target identification, drug repurposing, virtual screening, de novo drug design, toxicity prediction, and personalized medicine. AI improves patient selection, trial design, and real-time data analysis in clinical trials, leading to enhanced safety and efficacy outcomes. Post-marketing surveillance utilizes AI-based systems to monitor adverse events, detect drug interactions, and support pharmacovigilance efforts. Machine learning models extract patterns from complex datasets, enabling accurate predictions and informed decision-making, thus accelerating drug discovery. Deep learning, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNN), excels in image…

With an increasing global incidence in children younger than the age of five, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viral respiratory infections worldwide. Despite the increasing number of cases among infants and young children, RSV can infect any age group; however, some individuals are more high risk than others. Premature infants, young children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most likely to suffer a more severe presentation of RSV in comparison to healthy adults. RSV is transmitted through respiratory droplets via direct contact with an infected individual or with contaminated surfaces. The viral genome of RSV consists of 11 proteins. Out of these 11, two proteins allow for the attachment of the virus to the respiratory epithelial cells and fusion with host cells. Upon fusion, the viral material transfers to the host cell, where viral replication occurs. It is important to acknowledge that an individual is considered infectious and can transmit the virus even before the symptomatic presentation of RSV begins. As long as the individual is…

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lifestyle modifications have gained increasing recognition as key interventions in preventing and managing CVDs. This narrative review aims to provide a thorough assessment of the impact of lifestyle modifications on cardiovascular health. The review encompasses various aspects, including diet, physical activity, smoking cessation, stress management, and weight management. Additionally, the review explores the underlying mechanisms by which lifestyle modifications influence cardiovascular health and highlights the evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses. The findings of this review emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications in reducing the risk factors associated with CVDs and improving cardiovascular outcomes.

Clinical research is an alternative terminology used to describe medical research. Clinical research involves people, and it is generally carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic drug, a medical/surgical procedure, or a device as a part of treatment and patient management. Moreover, any research that evaluates the aspects of a disease like the symptoms, risk factors, and pathophysiology, among others may be termed clinical research. However, clinical trials are those studies that assess the potential of a therapeutic drug/device in the management, control, and prevention of disease. In view of the increasing incidences of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, and especially after the effects that Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) had on public health worldwide, the emphasis on clinical research assumes extremely essential. The knowledge of clinical research will facilitate the discovery of drugs, devices, and vaccines, thereby improving preparedness during public health emergencies. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively describe the critical elements…

Heart failure is a substantial and escalating global health challenge, affecting millions worldwide. This complex syndrome arises from diverse etiologies, encompassing ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular abnormalities, and cardiomyopathies. Heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's metabolic demands, leading to debilitating symptoms, frequent hospitalizations, and high mortality rates. Traditionally, the management of Heart failure has focused on alleviating symptoms, reducing fluid retention, and enhancing cardiac contractility. These goals have been achieved through a combination of pharmacological therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics, often complemented by device-based interventions like implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, despite these advances, the relentless progression of heart failure remains a significant clinical challenge. Neurohormonal activation, cardiac fibrosis, and cellular remodeling are just a…

Chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) is an artificial intelligence chatbot that uses natural language processing that can respond to human input in a conversational manner. ChatGPT has numerous applications in the health care system including dentistry; it is used in diagnoses and for assessing disease risk and scheduling appointments. It also has a role in scientific research. In the dental field, it has provided many benefits such as detecting dental and maxillofacial abnormalities on panoramic radiographs and identifying different dental restorations. Therefore, it helps in decreasing the workload. But even with these benefits, one should take into consideration the risks and limitations of this chatbot. Few articles mentioned the use of ChatGPT in dentistry. This comprehensive review represents data collected from 66 relevant articles using PubMed and Google Scholar as databases. This review aims to discuss all relevant published articles on the use of ChatGPT in dentistry.

Background Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can have serious consequences for patient health and well-being. Patients who are taking multiple medications may be at an increased risk of experiencing adverse events or drug toxicity if they are not aware of potential interactions between their medications. Many times, patients self-prescribe medications without knowing DDI. Objective The objective is to investigate the effectiveness of ChatGPT, a large language model, in predicting and explaining common DDIs. Methods A total of 40 DDIs lists were prepared from previously published literature. This list was used to converse with ChatGPT with a two-stage question. The first question was asked as "can I take X and Y together?" with two drug names. After storing the output, the next question was asked. The second question was asked as "why should I not take X and Y together?" The output was stored for further analysis. The responses were checked by two pharmacologists and the consensus output was categorized as "correct" and "incorrect." The "correct" ones were further classified as…

The value of breastfeeding surpasses its utilitarian role in nourishing, encompassing profound psychological advantages for mothers and children. The orchestration of emotional bonds relies on the interplay of oxytocin and prolactin, fundamental hormones that underpin maternal attachment, mitigate postpartum depression, and cultivate self-confidence. Simultaneously, breastfeeding promotes infant development by fostering robust brain growth, bolstering immune defenses, and nurturing cognitive and emotional maturation - all of which are nurtured through maternal interactions. We must respond to the call for heightened advocacy of breastfeeding. This entails delivering education, easily accessible support, and creating an environment where breastfeeding is normalized. By dispelling misconceptions and eradicating stigmatization associated with breastfeeding, we can amplify awareness and empower mothers to make well-informed decisions for their newborns. These implications reverberate extensively. Enhanced maternal mental well-being and self-assurance form the bedrock of healthier family…

BACKGROUND: Being on the verge of a revolutionary approach to gathering information, ChatGPT (an artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model developed by OpenAI, and capable of producing human-like text) could be the prime motive of a paradigm shift on how humans will acquire information. Despite the concerns related to the use of such a promising tool in relation to the future of the quality of education, this technology will soon be incorporated into web search engines mandating the need to evaluate the output of such a tool. Previous studies showed that dependence on some sources of online information (e.g., social media platforms) was associated with higher rates of vaccination hesitancy. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe the output of ChatGPT regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine conspiracy beliefs. and compulsory vaccination. METHODS: The current descriptive study was conducted on January 14, 2023 using the ChatGPT from OpenAI (OpenAI, L.L.C., San Francisco, CA, USA). The output was evaluated by two authors and the degree of…

Social media, leveraging Web 2.0 technologies, plays a vital role in healthcare, medical education, and research by fostering collaboration and enabling research dissemination. Healthcare professionals use these platforms to improve public health literacy, but concerns about misinformation and content accuracy persist. In 2023, platforms like Facebook (Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States), YouTube (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States), Instagram (Meta Platforms, Inc.), TikTok (ByteDance Ltd, Beijing, China), and Twitter (X Corp., Carson City, Nevada, United States) have become essential in healthcare, offering patient communication, professional development, and knowledge-sharing opportunities. However, challenges such as breaches of patient confidentiality and unprofessional conduct remain. Social media has transformed medical education, providing unique networking and professional development opportunities. Further studies are needed to determine its educational value. Healthcare professionals must follow ethical and professional…

Importance Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) has shown promising performance in various fields, including medicine, business, and law, but its accuracy in specialty-specific medical questions, particularly in ophthalmology, is still uncertain. Purpose This study evaluates the performance of two ChatGPT models (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) and human professionals in answering ophthalmology questions from the StatPearls question bank, assessing their outcomes, and providing insights into the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in ophthalmology. Methods ChatGPT's performance was evaluated using 467 ophthalmology questions from the StatPearls question bank. These questions were stratified into 11 subcategories, four difficulty levels, and three generalized anatomical categories. The answer accuracy of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and human participants was assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the statistical significance of GPT-3 versus GPT-4 versus human performance, and repeated…

ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot developed by OpenAI and it first became available to the public in November 2022. ChatGPT can assist in finding academic papers on the web and summarizing them. This chatbot has the potential to be applied in scientific writing, it has the ability to generate automated drafts, summarize articles, and translate content from several languages. This in turn can make academic writing faster and less challenging. However, due to ethical considerations, its use in scientific writing should be regulated and carefully monitored. Few papers have discussed the use of ChatGPT in scientific research writing. This review aims to discuss all the relevant published papers that discuss the use of ChatGPT in medical and dental research.

Background and objective ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) language model that has been trained to process and respond to questions across a wide range of topics. It is also capable of solving problems in medical educational topics. However, the capability of ChatGPT to accurately answer first- and second-order knowledge questions in the field of microbiology has not been explored so far. Hence, in this study, we aimed to analyze the capability of ChatGPT in answering first- and second-order questions on the subject of microbiology. Materials and methods Based on the competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum of the subject of microbiology, we prepared a set of first-order and second-order questions. For the total of eight modules in the CBME curriculum for microbiology, we prepared six first-order and six second-order knowledge questions according to the National Medical Commission-recommended CBME curriculum, amounting to a total of (8 x 12) 96 questions. The questions were checked for content validity by three expert microbiologists. These questions were used…

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. This narrative review offers a comprehensive examination of the complex correlation between diabetes and cardiovascular complications. The objective of this review is to analyze the most recent evidence on preventive measures and treatment options for mitigating cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes, by synthesizing existing literature. Insulin resistance plays a crucial role in connecting diabetes and CVD, leading to the development of dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. As a result, the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes is significantly elevated. Moreover, the presence of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation serves to intensify endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage, thereby exacerbating the risk of cardiovascular complications. The interaction between diabetes and CVD frequently speeds up the development of atherosclerotic plaque, making the plaque more prone to rupture. This can lead to severe…

Significant health disparities exist locally and even throughout the nation. Dipping health inequalities necessitates a focus on the inadequate spread of power, money, and resources, as well as the situations of daily living, which may be addressed through social determinants of health. This study aimed to review the role of health-related social factors in overcoming health disparities. We conducted a search of English-language literature, including studies published on health and health equalities or inequalities. Most reports show that social determinants of health have a higher effect on health. The elimination process of these health inequities occurs through well-designed economic and social policies. Every aspect of social determinants influences the health aspects of people; hence, some areas to focus on include employment, education, socioeconomic status, social support networks, health policies, and healthcare access. Launching interventions to reduce health disparities can help improve the community's health and health equality.

Natural disasters are complex, global issues that affect people individually, families, and communities, upsetting their emotional wellbeing. This research aims to comprehend the connections between disasters and their effects on mental health. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis on the effect of disasters on mental health disorders using defined search terms across three major databases. The search technique adhered to the PECO framework. The study locations were dispersed across Asia, Europe, and America. An electronic search was established in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Medline databases. A random-effects meta-analysis was carried out. The I2 statistic was used to explore heterogeneity. In the random-effects analysis, Tau-squared, τ2, or Tau2 evaluates the effects seen between the study variances. Publication bias was examined. The outcomes of the included studies on mental health issues (n = 48,170) brought on by catastrophic disasters were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. The three main mental…

The role of simulation in medical education is crucial to the development of surgeons' skills. Surgical simulation can be used to improve surgical skills in a secure and risk-free environment. Animal models, simulated patients, virtual reality, and mannequins are some types of surgical simulation. As a result, feedback encourages students to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses, enabling them to focus on improvement. Healthcare simulation is a strong educational instrument, and the main goal of this is to give the students an opportunity to do a practical application of what they have learned through theory. Before taking it to the patients, they will already have certain tools they have previously acquired during the practice. This makes it easier for students to identify the knowledge gaps that they must fill to improve patient outcomes. Moreover, simulation brings a wonderful opportunity for students to acquire skills, gain confidence, and experience success before working with real patients, especially when their clinical exposure is limited. The use of simulation to teach…

This review article conducts a comprehensive analysis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its ramifications for both maternal health and the well-being of their offspring. GDM is a significant pregnancy complication in which women who have never had diabetes acquire chronic hyperglycemia during their gestational period. In most cases, hyperglycemia is caused by impaired glucose tolerance caused by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in the background of chronic insulin resistance. Being overweight or obese, having an older mother age, and having a family history of any type of diabetes are all risk factors for developing GDM. GDM consequences include a higher risk of maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes, as well as macrosomia and delivery difficulties in the newborn. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the infant. Premature birth, hypoglycemia at birth, and shoulder dystocia are also a few of the fetal problems that can result from GDM. Unfortunately, there is no widely acknowledged treatment or…

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-standing, continuously growing metabolic ailment in which levels of glucose in the blood increase due to a total (DM of type 1) or incomplete (DM of type 2) decrease in the level of the hormone insulin. Diabetes mellitus affects a large number of individuals worldwide, and as more people develop the disease, the burden will double from what it is now. The requirements of people suffering from diabetes are not only confined to the control of blood glucose; there is also a need to prevent disabilities, side effects, and difficulties in rehabilitation. Studies suggest that seven self-care practices for individuals suffering from this disease have shown good outcomes. Those practices include assessment of sugar levels in the blood, consuming healthy foods, remaining physically active, taking medications regularly and on time, maintaining healthy behavior, and decreasing risk factors. All of these practices collectively have shown good results in maintaining blood glucose levels, decreasing side effects, and increasing life expectancy in people with…

Male reproductive function is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Oxidative stress can significantly impair sperm quality, including count, motility, morphology, and DNA integrity, leading to male infertility. Antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining reproductive health by neutralizing ROS and protecting sperm cells from oxidative damage. This review article explores the impact of oxidative stress on male reproductive function and investigates the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation in mitigating its detrimental effects. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather relevant studies examining the effects of oxidative stress on male fertility and the outcomes of antioxidant supplementation. The findings reveal that antioxidant supplementation can improve sperm quality, DNA integrity, and fertility outcomes in some individuals. However, conflicting research findings and limitations in study design highlight the need for further…

Brain rehabilitation and recovery for people with neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegenerative diseases, depend mainly on neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to restructure and adapt. This literature review aims to look into cutting-edge methods and treatments that support neuroplasticity and recovery in these groups. A thorough search of electronic databases revealed a wide range of research and papers investigating several neuroplasticity-targeting methods, such as cognitive training, physical activity, non-invasive brain stimulation, and pharmaceutical interventions. The results indicate that these therapies can control neuroplasticity and improve motor, mental, and sensory function. In addition, cutting-edge approaches, such as virtual reality (VR) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), promise to increase neuroplasticity and foster rehabilitation. However, many issues and restrictions still need to be resolved, including the demand for individualized treatments and the absence of defined standards. In conclusion, this review…

This review article provides an overview of using artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology. It discusses the advantages and limitations of ChatGPT, a large language model, for medical imaging diagnosis. ChatGPT has shown great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of radiological diagnoses by reducing interpretation variability and errors and improving workflow efficiency. However, there are also limitations, including the need for high-quality training data, ethical considerations, and further research and development to improve its performance and usability. Despite these challenges, ChatGPT has the potential to significantly impact radiology and medical imaging diagnosis. The review article highlights the need for continued research and development, coupled with ethical and regulatory considerations, to ensure that ChatGPT is used to its full potential in improving radiological diagnoses and patient care.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in various industries, and its potential in dentistry is gaining significant attention. This abstract explores the future prospects of AI in dentistry, highlighting its potential to revolutionize clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the overall efficiency of dental care. The application of AI in dentistry encompasses several key areas, including diagnosis, treatment planning, image analysis, patient management, and personalized care. AI algorithms have shown promising results in the automated detection and diagnosis of dental conditions, such as caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers, aiding clinicians in early intervention and improving treatment outcomes. Furthermore, AI-powered treatment planning systems leverage machine learning techniques to analyze vast amounts of patient data, considering factors like medical history, anatomical variations, and treatment success rates. These systems provide dentists with valuable insights and support in making evidence-based treatment…

Introduction Self-medication is an important public health problem, with varied prevalence across the world. The high prevalence of self-medication in India is one of the important factors contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Self-medication without medical guidance can lead to inappropriate, incorrect, or undue therapy, missed diagnosis, delays in appropriate treatment, pathogen resistance, and increased morbidity. The growing trend of self-medication can be attributed to various factors like the urge for self-care, sympathy toward sick family members, inaccessible health services and nonavailability of drugs, time and financial constraints, ignorance, misbeliefs, extensive advertisement and availability of drugs in places other than drug shops. Methodology The present community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban field practice area of a tertiary health care center (UHTC) in Central India. Individuals above 18 years of age and present at home at the time of the house-to-house survey comprised the study participants. A total of…

The complex and mutually influential connection between diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant focal point in the current healthcare landscape. Diabetes, a medical condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from impaired insulin action or secretion, has become a significant global epidemic. It poses considerable challenges to healthcare systems and affects millions of individuals worldwide. Concurrently, CKD, characterized by the gradual decline of kidney function, has become a persistent health challenge. This narrative review explores the complex relationship between these two conditions, shedding light on their significant implications for public health, clinical practice, and biomedical research. The correlation between diabetes and kidney disease is not merely coincidental. Diabetes is recognized as a significant risk factor for CKD, as individuals with diabetes are considerably more vulnerable to developing renal complications. Diabetic nephropathy, a distinct type of kidney disease closely associated with diabetes, is a…

Liquid biopsy stands as an innovative instrument in the realm of precision medicine, enabling non-invasive disease diagnosis and the early detection of cancer. Liquid biopsy helps in the extraction of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from blood samples and other body fluids, thereby facilitating disease diagnosis and prediction of high-risk patients. Various techniques such as advanced sequencing methods and biomarker-based cell capture have led to the isolation and study of the different biomarkers such as ctDNA, cfDNA, and CTCs. These biopsies also have immense potential in the early detection and diagnosis of various diseases across all medical specialties, prediction and screening of high-risk cases, and detection of different immune response patterns in response to infectious diseases, and also help in predicting treatment outcomes. Although liquid biopsy has the potential to disrupt the field of medical diagnosis, it is met by various challenges such as limited tumor-derived components, less specificity, and inadequate…

Artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new medical avenues and revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic practices, allowing healthcare providers to overcome significant challenges associated with cost, disease management, accessibility, and treatment optimization. Prominent AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have immensely influenced diagnostics, patient monitoring, novel pharmaceutical discoveries, drug development, and telemedicine. Significant innovations and improvements in disease identification and early intervention have been made using AI-generated algorithms for clinical decision support systems and disease prediction models. AI has remarkably impacted clinical drug trials by amplifying research into drug efficacy, adverse events, and candidate molecular design. AI's precision and analysis regarding patients' genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors have led to individualized treatment strategies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI-assisted telemedicine set a precedent for remote healthcare delivery and patient follow-up. Moreover,…

Cancer disparities continue to be a significant public health challenge, disproportionately affecting certain communities in terms of incidence, mortality, and access to quality care. Addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that involves not only healthcare professionals and researchers but also the active participation and collaboration of the affected communities themselves. Community engagement has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce cancer disparities and promote health equity. This review article synthesizes the existing literature and examines the role of community engagement in addressing cancer disparities. It explores various approaches and best practices utilized in community engagement initiatives to empower and involve diverse populations in the fight against cancer. The review discusses key lessons learned from successful programs and identifies challenges faced in implementing such initiatives. The article highlights the importance of cultural competence, trust-building, and meaningful collaboration between stakeholders, including community…

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease that causes weakness and wasting in the voluntary muscles of infants and children. SMA has been the leading inherited cause of infant death. More specifically, SMA is caused by the absence of the SMN1 gene. In May 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved onasemnogene abeparvovec, SMN1 gene replacement therapy, for all children with SMA younger than two years of age, without end-stage weakness. The objective of the study is to review the safety and efficacy of a novel gene therapy, onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma), for SMA and assess current challenges for gene therapy. For this, we have conducted a literature search on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Ovid (2019 to 2022) in the English language using the terms SMA, onasemnogene, and gene therapy. The search included articles, websites, and published papers from reputable health organizations, hospitals, and global organizations dedicated to bringing awareness to Spinal Muscular Atrophy. We found the first gene therapy for SMA to be onasemnogene, directly providing the survival…

Patient safety has become a top priority for healthcare organizations. A better patient safety environment is associated with a lower probability of significant complications. Training programmers is critical to promoting patient safety and minimizing misunderstandings. The quality, performance, and productivity of the healthcare industry can be dramatically improved by changing the patient safety atmosphere operating within the hospital sector. Hospitals can significantly reduce medical errors and adverse events by implementing the program and training programmers to prioritize patient safety. This will improve patient outcomes and increase efficiency and effectiveness. Creating a patient safety culture within hospitals will contribute to a higher standard of care and improved overall performance in the healthcare industry. Hospitals can identify systemic problems and implement proactive measures to prevent future incidents by creating an environment in which healthcare professionals feel comfortable reporting errors. A patient safety culture encourages collaboration and open…

Amidst evolving healthcare demands, nursing education plays a pivotal role in preparing future nurses for complex challenges. Traditional approaches, however, must be revised to meet modern healthcare needs. The ChatGPT, an AI-based chatbot, has garnered significant attention due to its ability to personalize learning experiences, enhance virtual clinical simulations, and foster collaborative learning in nursing education. This review aims to thoroughly assess the potential impact of integrating ChatGPT into nursing education. The hypothesis is that valuable insights can be provided for stakeholders through a comprehensive SWOT analysis examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with ChatGPT. This will enable informed decisions about its integration, prioritizing improved learning outcomes. A thorough narrative literature review was undertaken to provide a solid foundation for the SWOT analysis. The materials included scholarly articles and reports, which ensure the study's credibility and allow for a holistic and unbiased assessment. The analysis…

This review addresses the relationship between neuroplasticity and recovery from brain damage. Neuroplasticity's ability to adapt becomes crucial since brain injuries frequently result in severe impairments. We begin by describing the fundamentals of neuroplasticity and how it relates to rehabilitation. Examining different forms of brain injuries and their neurological effects highlights the complex difficulties in rehabilitation. By revealing cellular processes, we shed light on synaptic adaptability following damage. Our study of synaptic plasticity digs into axonal sprouting, dendritic remodeling, and the balance of long-term potentiation. These processes depict neural resilience amid change. Then, after damage, we investigate immediate and slow neuroplastic alterations, separating reorganizations that are adaptive from those that are maladaptive. As we go on to rehabilitation, we evaluate techniques that use neuroplasticity's potential. These methods take advantage of the brain's plasticity for healing, from virtual reality and brain-computer interfaces to constraint-induced…

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of mental health in India, highlighting the challenges faced, the existing initiatives, and the future directions for improving mental healthcare delivery. India is grappling with a high prevalence of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. The burden of mental health issues on individuals, families, and society is immense, leading to reduced quality of life, impaired functioning, and significant economic and social consequences. Various social and cultural factors, such as stigma, discrimination, gender inequalities, poverty, rapid urbanization, and cultural beliefs surrounding mental illness, further exacerbate the challenges of addressing mental health problems. Access to mental healthcare remains a significant concern, with considerable gaps in access to and quality of treatment and limited availability of mental health professionals, especially in rural areas. Inadequate infrastructure, a lack of awareness, and…

In general surgery, the goal of achieving favorable results following surgical procedures is consistently impeded by the intricate range of postoperative problems. This abstract summarizes a comprehensive narrative study that examines the numerous difficulties associated with postoperative complications and investigates potential remedies. With the progress of surgical practices, the intricacies of complications also increase, requiring a flexible comprehension of the diverse scenarios. This review examines the many factors contributing to postoperative complications, including patient-specific variables and advancing surgical procedures. It also explores the broader consequences of these problems on individual patients and healthcare systems. The economic results, such as extended hospitalizations and increased allocation of resources, highlight the need for specific solutions. This abstract also emphasizes the review's examination of novel methodologies, technology incorporations, and cooperative tactics as potential transformative factors. This abstract provides an overview of…

The main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is smoking. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are two dangerous substances that are found in cigarette smoke. The increased heart rate can have an almost instantaneous impact on the heart and blood vessels. Smoking is well known to cause oxidative stress, endanger the lining of the arteries, and accelerate the accumulation of fatty plaque in the blood vessels. It raises the danger of sudden thrombotic events, inflammatory alterations, and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. The smoke's carbon monoxide decreases the blood's capacity to deliver oxygen, adding to the heart's stress. Notably, these risks increase when diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and glucose intolerance are present. It has a detrimental effect on peripheral blood vessels, raising the possibility of thromboangiitis obliterans. Stroke risk is known to be increased by smoking. As compared to those who continue to smoke, those who give up smoking have a much longer life expectancy. Chronic cigarette smoking has been shown to affect the macrophages'…

In the landscape of healthcare, the management of myocardial infarction (MI) stands as a pivotal challenge and a critical juncture where advancements are reshaping the trajectory of patient care. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, remains a foremost contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Conventional management strategies have historically focused on rapid restoration of blood flow through revascularization techniques. However, the last decade has witnessed a profound transformation, with a burgeoning emphasis on precision medicine and innovative interventions. This contextual backdrop sets the stage for a deep dive into the realm of novel diagnostic modalities, spanning high-sensitivity biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, and data-driven algorithms. These innovations facilitate not only early detection but also the stratification of patients, paving the way for individualized treatment plans. By targeting the underlying mechanisms of myocardial damage, these interventions hold the promise of attenuating the impact of MI and promoting cardiac…

In the context of rapid technological advancements, the narrative review titled "Digital Pathology: Transforming Diagnosis in the Digital Age" explores the significant impact of digital pathology in reshaping diagnostic approaches. This review delves into the various effects of the field, including remote consultations and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis, revealing the ongoing transformation taking place. The investigation explores the process of digitizing traditional glass slides, which aims to improve accessibility and facilitate sharing. Additionally, it addresses the complexities associated with data security and standardization challenges. Incorporating AI enhances pathologists' diagnostic capabilities and accelerates analytical procedures. Furthermore, the review highlights the growing importance of collaborative networks facilitating global knowledge sharing. It also emphasizes the significant impact of this technology on medical education and patient care. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of digital pathology's transformative and innovative…

The concept of standardized patients (SPs) was first introduced in the 1960s by Dr. Howard Barrows of the University of Southern California and has been applied in medical school education since that time. This practice has allowed medical students to practice skills on live persons who are teachers rather than on real patients, who may be endangered by their emerging skills. Previous studies supported the use of SPs but did not measure whether they improved clinical competence or students' confidence in their skills. This literature review evaluated whether current medical education literature supports or refutes the use of SPs compared to other modalities such as simulated patients (SiPs) and virtual reality (VR) in the improvement of student confidence, clinical performance, and interpersonal communication skills. The research questions posed for this review were as follows: do medical students in their first two years of education who have practiced skills using SPs have more self-confidence in their ability to perform skills on real patients than those students who did not use…

Nitazenes are a group of compounds developed in the 1950s as opioid analgesics, but they were never approved to market. As such, they are not well known outside of academic research laboratories. A characteristic of nitazenes is their high potency (e.g., hundreds to thousands fold more potent than morphine and other opioids and tenfold more potent than fentanyl). In the past few years, several nitazenes, including "designer analogs," have been detected in the illicit drug supply and have been implicated in overdose mortality, primarily due to their exceptionally high potency. In the street drug supply, nitazenes are often found mixed with fentanyl or other agents but their presence is not always disclosed to drug buyers, who may not even be familiar with nitazenes. These drugs pose a particular challenge since there is little experience in how to reverse a nitazene overdose or potential drug-drug or drug-alcohol interactions. Public health efforts are needed to better inform street drug consumers, first responders, healthcare professionals, and the general public about these "new…

Aim: The present study explored the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of a combination of chitosan thiocolchicoside and lauric acid (CTLA) nanogel. Materials and methods: A nanogel formulation of thiocolchicoside and lauric acid was developed and tested for potential applications. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) antioxidant assay methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined through the egg albumin denaturation method, the bovine serum albumin denaturation method, and the membrane stabilization assay. A brine shrimp lethality assay was used to study the cytotoxic effect of the nanogel. Results: We identified significant positive outcomes for the CTLA nanogel. The results showed a percentage of inhibition of 81% at 50μg/mL, which showed the nanogel’s significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting bovine serum albumin denaturation. The…

Background Breaking bad news is an essential skill for practicing physicians, particularly in the field of emergency medicine (EM). Patient-physician communication teaching has previously relied on standardized patient scenarios and objective structured clinical examination formats. The novel use of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot technology, such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), may provide an alternative role in graduate medical education in this area. As a proof of concept, the author demonstrates how providing detailed prompts to the AI chatbot can facilitate the design of a realistic clinical scenario, enable active roleplay, and deliver effective feedback to physician trainees. Methods ChatGPT-3.5 language model was utilized to assist in the roleplay of breaking bad news. A detailed input prompt was designed to outline rules of play and grading assessment via a standardized scale. User inputs (physician role), chatbot outputs (patient role) and ChatGPT-generated feedback were recorded. Results ChatGPT set up a realistic training scenario on breaking…

A source of support during birth could be the solution to negative outcomes for the mother and her baby. To improve the birthing experience and increase positive birthing outcomes, sources of support during pregnancy should be evaluated and understood. The goal of this review was to synthesize the existing literature on how doulas might improve birth outcomes. This scoping review also aimed to shed light on the positive impact emotional support during childbirth can have on the health and well-being of mother and child. PubMed and EBSCOhost were used to identify articles using the search words with Boolean operators "doulas" AND "labor support" AND "birth outcomes" AND "pregnancy" AND "effects during labor." The eligibility criteria for article selection included primary studies investigating how doulas contributed to birth outcomes. The studies in this review indicated that doula guidance in perinatal care was associated with positive delivery outcomes including reduced cesarean sections, premature deliveries, and length of labor. Moreover, the emotional support provided by doulas…

The growing demand for efficient healthcare delivery has intensified the need for technological innovations that facilitate medical professionals' decision-making processes. In this study, we investigate ChatGPT (OpenAI Incorporated, Mission District, San Francisco, United States), a state-of-the-art language model based on the GPT-4 architecture, as an effective tool for assisting healthcare professionals in writing medical reports based on real patient laboratory results. By leveraging ChatGPT's extraordinary performance across multiple medical domains, including lab result diagnostics and medical literature analysis, we aimed to streamline and enhance the medical report generation process. The generated case report presents a 31-year-old male patient with no significant past medical history who visited a clinic to establish care and seek evaluation for abdominal pain. Following routine laboratory tests, including a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, and a Helicobacter pylori breath test, ChatGPT provided tailored recommendations addressing identified concerns…

Rare genetic disorders (RDs), characterized by their low prevalence and diagnostic complexities, present significant challenges to healthcare systems. This article explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in addressing these challenges. It emphasizes the need for accurate and early diagnosis of RDs, often hindered by genetic and clinical heterogeneity. This article discusses how AI and ML are reshaping healthcare, providing examples of their effectiveness in disease diagnosis, prognosis, image analysis, and drug repurposing. It highlights AI's ability to efficiently analyze extensive datasets and expedite diagnosis, showcasing case studies like Face2Gene. Furthermore, the article explores how AI tailors treatment plans for RDs, leveraging ML and deep learning (DL) to create personalized therapeutic regimens. It emphasizes AI's role in drug discovery, including the identification of potential candidates for rare disease treatments. Challenges and limitations related to AI in healthcare, including ethical, legal, technical, and human…

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considered the most prevalent endocrinological disorder, which affects some women and it is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism, with morphologic changes in the ovary, inappropriate gonadotropin secretion, and insulin resistance (IR) with accompanying compensatory hyperinsulinemia. PCOS was associated with some degree of IR which probably contributes to hyperandrogenism. Many studies showed that metformin, when used to treat PCOS, significantly reduced serum androgen levels, improved insulin sensitivity, restored menstrual cyclicity, and was successful in triggering ovulation. As a result, metformin may be useful in treating PCOS-related infertility. The aim of this review was to clarify PCOS, its prevalence, particularly in Saudi Arabia, its pathogenesis, its impact on the patient's health, and to explain the uses of metformin, its mechanism of action, and its role in the treatment of PCOS-related infertility.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant concern in the field of surgery, contributing to patient morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotic prophylaxis, the administration of antibiotics before surgery, has been a cornerstone in preventing SSIs for decades. This review explores the current state of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery, offering insights into its effectiveness, challenges, and emerging trends. In this comprehensive analysis, we delve into the historical development of antibiotic prophylaxis, examining its evolution from early practices to modern guidelines. We explore the various classes of antibiotics commonly used, their dosing regimens, and the importance of timing in optimizing prophylactic interventions. Additionally, we investigate the role of patient-specific factors, such as comorbidities and allergies, in tailoring antibiotic prophylaxis to individual needs. While antibiotic prophylaxis has undeniably reduced the incidence of SSIs, concerns about antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects necessitate a…

INTRODUCTION: The healthcare industry has made significant progress in information technology, which has improved healthcare procedures and brought about advancements in clinical care services. This includes gathering crucial clinical data and implementing intelligent health information management. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to bolster further existing health information systems, notably electronic health records (EHRs). With AI, EHRs can offer more customized and adaptable roles for patients. This study aims to delve into the current and potential uses of AI and examine the obstacles that come with it. METHOD: In this study, we employed a qualitative methodology and purposive sampling to select participants. We sought out clinicians who were eager to share their professional insights. Our research involved conducting three focus group interviews, each lasting an hour. The moderator began each session by introducing the study's goals and assuring participants of confidentiality to foster a collaborative environment. The facilitator asked open-ended questions…

Otitis media is a significant contributor to healthcare visits and the prescription of drugs. Its associated complications and consequences pose the primary factors for preventable hearing impairment, especially in developing nations. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is prevalent among children globally as one of the commonest chronic infectious diseases during childhood. The subsequent complications and sequelae play a central role in causing avoidable hearing loss, particularly within developing countries. In addition to impaired hearing, this condition can lead to severe health complications, such as issues involving the intracranial region. Despite the involvement of microbial, immunological, and genetic factors as well as Eustachian tube characteristics, in the development of CSOM, there remains a need for further elucidation regarding its pathogenesis. Based on its microorganisms, the treatment of choice will be affected to prevent further complications in the child. The primary approach to treating acute otitis media (AOM) involves effectively addressing ear pain and…

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The opioid overdose epidemic is exacerbated by the emergence of Xylazine as an illicit drug adulterant. Xylazine, a veterinary sedative, can potentiate opioid effects while also causing toxic and potentially fatal side effects. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of Xylazine use and overdoses within the opioid epidemic context. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant case reports, and case series related to Xylazine use. A comprehensive literature search included databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, utilizing keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to Xylazine. Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. RESULTS: Intravenous (IV) administration was a common route for Xylazine use among various methods, including subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and inhalation, with overall doses ranging from 40 mg to 4300 mg. The average dose in fatal cases was 1,200 mg, compared to 525 mg in non-fatal cases. Concurrent…

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the potential usefulness of Chat Generated Pre-Trained Transformer-3 (ChatGPT-3) in oral and maxillofacial radiology for report writing by identifying radiographic anatomical landmarks and learning about oral and maxillofacial pathologies and their radiographic features. The study also aimed to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT-3 and its usage in oral and maxillofacial radiology training. Materials and methods A questionnaire consisting of 80 questions was queried on the OpenAI app ChatGPT-3. The questions were stratified based on three categories. The categorization was based on random anatomical landmarks, oral and maxillofacial pathologies, and the radiographic features of some of these pathologies. One oral and maxillofacial radiologist evaluated queries that were answered by the ChatGPT-3 model and rated them on a 4-point, modified Likert scale. The post-survey analysis for the performance of ChatGPT-3 was based on the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, its application in oral and maxillofacial radiology…

On a global scale, hypertension ranks third among the six major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The risk of heart disease, stroke, and renal failure is all significantly increased by hypertension. We looked for papers on risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults on Google Scholar and PubMed. "Hypertension," "young adults," and "risk factors" were the search terms. Eligibility testing was done in a standardized, non-blinded way. The first author, year of publication, subject related to hypertension in young adults, and risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults were all retrieved from each paper. A PubMed search yielded 150 results. In all, 10 papers were considered in our review, which were published between 2017 and 2021. Most of the studies considered were carried out by foreign research groups. Adults who smoke, chew tobacco, drink alcohol, are obese, engage in sedentary behavior, consume too much salt, and have unhealthy lifestyles are at a higher risk of developing hypertension. In addition to these risk factors, there were additional…

Body mass index (BMI) is an anthropometric index that is commonly used in the medical setting and is a factor in assessing various disease risks but its origins are unknown by many. More importantly, BMI does not properly assess body fat percentage and muscle mass or distinguish abdominal fat from gluteofemoral fat, which is important to note because abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular complications. Using a less accurate index to assess the relationship between weight and disease risk is conceptually invalid because the use of BMI ultimately trickles into patient treatment, preventive medicine, and overall health outcomes. Several different anthropometric indices that more accurately assess abdominal adiposity through the incorporation of waist circumference exist and have been extensively studied, such as waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, and a body shape index. It is important that we consider replacing BMI's usage in the healthcare setting with a different anthropometric index: one that considers height, sex, and…

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have the potential to revolutionize drug release modeling, optimize therapy for personalized medicine, and minimize side effects. By applying AI algorithms, researchers can predict drug release profiles, incorporate patient-specific factors, and optimize dosage regimens to achieve tailored and effective therapies. This AI-based approach has the potential to improve treatment outcomes, enhance patient satisfaction, and advance the field of pharmaceutical sciences. International collaborations and professional organizations play vital roles in establishing guidelines and best practices for data collection and sharing. Open data initiatives can enhance transparency and scientific progress, facilitating algorithm validation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder that impacts the gastrointestinal tract. Significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD have been made during the past few decades, improving patient outcomes. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD. Both from an evaluative and therapeutic standpoint, the management of IBD has undergone significant change. The standard of treatment for treating UC and CD patients has changed due to several medical developments. These developments include amino-salicylates, immunosuppressants, biological agents, and new therapeutics. The review also addresses the difficulties in applying these developments in clinical practice. Globally, the prevalence of IBD is rising, with Asia among the regions with the highest rates. These environments provide particular difficulties, such as poor disease knowledge, a lack of diagnostic services, and infectious IBD mimics. These issues must be…

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into dental care holds the promise of revolutionizing the field by enhancing the accuracy of dental diagnosis and treatment. This paper explores the impact of AI in dental care, with a focus on its applications in diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient engagement. AI-driven dental imaging and radiography, computer-aided detection and diagnosis of dental conditions, and early disease detection and prevention are discussed in detail. Moreover, the paper delves into how AI assists in personalized treatment planning and provides predictive analytics for dental care. Ethical and privacy considerations, including data security, fairness, and regulatory aspects, are addressed, highlighting the need for a responsible and transparent approach to AI implementation. Finally, the paper underscores the potential for a collaborative partnership between AI and dental professionals to offer the best possible care to patients, making dental care more efficient, patient-centric, and effective. The advent of AI in dentistry presents a remarkable…

The development of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) has brought about substantial transformations in perioperative care, substituting conventional methods with a patient-centric, evidence-based strategy. ERAS protocol adopts a holistic approach to patient care, which includes all stages preceding, during, and following the operation. These programs prioritize patient-specific therapies that are tailored to their specific requirements. Nutritional assessment and enhancement, patient education, minimally invasive procedures, and multimodal pain management are all fundamental components of ERAS. ERAS provides a multitude of advantages, including diminished postoperative complications, abbreviated hospital stays, heightened patient satisfaction, and healthcare cost reductions. This article examines the foundational tenets of ERAS, their incorporation into the field of general surgery, their suitability for diverse surgical specialties, the obstacles faced during implementation, and possible directions for further investigation, such as the integration of digital health…

Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global issue, posing a significant threat to public health and healthcare professionals. Since the advent of penicillin, many antibiotics have lost their effectiveness in combating microbes simply due to inappropriate, irrational, unnecessary, and unrestricted use. The ineffectiveness of an increasing number of antibiotics necessitates the utilization of more potent antimicrobial agents for combatting uncomplicated infections. In response to the escalating prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the imperative to curtail the demand for novel antibiotics, the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program was conceived and implemented. This initiative is characterized by a lead physician, ideally possessing expertise in infectious diseases, alongside a pharmacist serving as a secondary leader and a microbiologist with defined responsibilities to achieve several objectives. These objectives include reducing indiscriminate usage of antimicrobial agents, promoting selective antimicrobial utilization based on culture results, de-escalating therapy…

Women are considered to have an irregular menstrual cycle if their cycle length is less than 21 days or more than 35 days, accompanied by less or very severe blood flow. The prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities varies across countries. Irregular periods can occur due to changes in the body's levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones, which disrupt the normal pattern of the period. Menstrual irregularity has been found to be associated with various diseases and medical conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Anemia, osteoporosis, psychological problems, impaired quality of life, and infertility have also been recorded. Moreover, a significant correlation between irregular periods and the risk of developing pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, as well as an increased risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes, has been proven. Therefore, irregular menstruation is considered an important health indicator among women. Physical, mental, social, psychological, and reproductive problems are…

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is evolving in the medical education system. ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing are AI-based models that can solve problems in medical education. However, the applicability of AI to create reasoning-based multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in the field of medical physiology is yet to be explored. Objective We aimed to assess and compare the applicability of ChatGPT, Bard, and Bing in generating reasoning-based MCQs for MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) undergraduate students on the subject of physiology. Methods The National Medical Commission of India has developed an 11-module physiology curriculum with various competencies. Two physiologists independently chose a competency from each module. The third physiologist prompted all three AIs to generate five MCQs for each chosen competency. The two physiologists who provided the competencies rated the MCQs generated by the AIs on a scale of 0-3 for validity, difficulty, and reasoning ability required to answer them. We analyzed the average of the two scores using the…

An artificial intelligence (AI) program called ChatGPT that generates text in response to typed commands has proven to be highly popular, as evidenced by the fact that OpenAI makes it available online. The goal of the present investigation was to investigate ChatGPT's potential applications as an outstanding instance of large language models (LLMs) in the fields of public dental health schooling, writing for academic use, research in public dental health, and clinical practice in public dental health based on the available data. Importantly, the goals of the current review included locating any drawbacks and issues that might be connected to using ChatGPT in the previously mentioned contexts in healthcare settings. Using search phrases including chatGPT, implications, artificial intelligence (AI), public health dentistry, public health, practice in public health dentistry, education in public health dentistry, academic writing in public health dentistry, etc., a thorough search was carried out on the Pubmed database, the Embase database, the Ovid database, the Global Health…

Vitamin D is a hormone that can be generated in the skin upon ultraviolet light exposure or ingested through supplementation. Vitamin D deficiency may have numerous deleterious effects on health. Sun avoidance strategies should be avoided due to the unwanted health risks associated with hypovitaminosis D. We present an objective investigation of the benefits and risks of using sun exposure to increase vitamin D levels and how it impacts human health. A review of the literature was conducted using Embase and PubMed to examine the relationship between UV exposure, vitamin D levels, health benefits, and risks. UV exposure is the primary method of boosting serum vitamin D levels, which accounts for numerous health benefits. Higher levels of vitamin D are associated with protection against cancer development, including melanoma. Latitude, season, skin color, and sun protection determine UV absorption and vitamin D production. Public health sun protection guidelines decrease the incidence of skin cancer, but sun avoidance can cause hypovitaminosis D. Serum vitamin D levels less than 16…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-inflammatory disease that attacks and damages myelinated axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and causes nontraumatic neurological impairment in young people. Historically, Lidwina of Schiedam documented the first MS case. After that, Augustus d'Este wrote for years about how his MS symptoms worsened. Age, sex, genetics, environment, smoking, injuries, and infections, including herpes simplex and rabies, are risk factors for MS. According to epidemiology, the average age of onset is between 20 and 40 years. MS is more prevalent in women and is common in Europe and America. As diagnostic methods and criteria change, people with MS may be discovered at earlier and earlier stages of the disease. MS therapy has advanced dramatically due to breakthroughs in our knowledge of the disease's etiology and progression. Therefore, the efficacy and risk of treatment medications increased exponentially. Management goals include reducing lesion activity and avoiding secondary progression. Current treatment approaches focus on managing acute episodes,…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, offering potential benefits and challenges. In healthcare, AI enhances efficiency, streamlines processes, and supports decision-making. However, challenges include potential errors and biases in algorithms, data privacy concerns, legal and ethical issues, and resistance to change. In nursing, a delicate balance emerges between AI and human touch. While AI aids in data-driven decision-making and administrative tasks, it lacks the emotional intelligence, empathy, and nuanced understanding crucial to nursing care. Nurses excel in critical thinking, adaptability to dynamic situations, patient advocacy, collaboration, and establishing human connections. AI supports these functions by automating routine tasks and offering decision support tools, yet its rigidity in dynamic situations and lack of human touch pose limitations. This review underscores the necessity of careful AI integration in healthcare, acknowledging its advantages while mitigating drawbacks. In nursing, the symbiosis between AI and human qualities is vital. The role…

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has emerged as a paradigm-shifting approach in perioperative care, aimed at optimizing patient outcomes, accelerating recovery, and minimizing hospital stays. This review delves into the latest advances and strategies within the field of ERAS, encompassing a comprehensive examination of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. By analyzing an array of clinical studies, meta-analyses, and implementation experiences, this review highlights the multifaceted elements contributing to the success of ERAS programs. Key components such as preoperative patient education, minimally invasive surgical techniques, tailored anesthesia protocols, judicious fluid management, optimized pain control, early ambulation, and structured nutritional support are thoroughly explored. Furthermore, the review delves into the intricacies of ERAS implementation across diverse surgical specialties, emphasizing the significance of multidisciplinary collaboration, protocol customization, and sustained quality improvement initiatives. The analysis not…

Semaglutide is a class of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. We present a 31-year-old female patient with a past medical history of T2DM without complication and no long-term or current use of insulin, class 3 obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and anxiety, who underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in preparation for bariatric surgery while taking semaglutide. Despite appropriately following the preoperative fasting guidelines of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), endoscopy revealed food residue in the gastric body, necessitating abortion of the procedure to reduce the risk of intraoperative pulmonary aspiration. Given the lack of preoperative fasting guidelines for patients on semaglutide to date, and delayed gastric emptying being a known side effect among patients taking semaglutide, anesthesiologists should be aware of alternative methods to ensure no food is present in the stomach to mitigate the risk of pulmonary…

There are approximately 1.3 million cases of neonatal sepsis reported worldwide with deaths occurring more commonly in preterm and low-weight newborns. Neonatal sepsis is the third major cause of neonatal deaths resulting in 203,000 deaths per year. It is divided into two subtypes based on time of occurrence: early-onset neonatal sepsis (ENS), occurring within the first 72 hours of birth usually due to perinatal risk factors, and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) usually occurring after the first week of life and up to 28th day of life. There are many complications associated with neonatal sepsis including septic shock, multiple organ failure, and death. It is vital for clinicians to know the signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis in order to diagnose it early. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic administration, timely supportive management, and the establishment of efficient management are vital in the prevention of severe complications or death. In this review, we aim to provide the most up-to-date information regarding risk factors, pathophysiology, signs…

Recent breakthroughs in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and the emergence of transformer-based large language models such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) have the potential to transform healthcare education, research, and clinical practice. This article examines the current trends in using GAI models in medicine, outlining their strengths and limitations. It is imperative to develop further consensus-based guidelines to govern the appropriate use of GAI, not only in medical education but also in research, scholarship, and clinical practice.

Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of females in the United States today, and myocardial infarction (MI) plays a role in many of these deaths. Females also present with more "atypical" symptoms than males and appear to have differences in pathophysiology underlying their MIs. Despite both differences in symptomology and pathophysiology being present in females versus males, a possible link between the two has not been studied extensively. In this systematic review, we analyzed studies examining differences in symptoms and pathophysiology of MI in females and males and evaluated possible links between the two. A search was performed for sex differences in MI in the databases PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Complete, Biomedical Reference Collection: Comprehensive, Jisc Library Hub Discover, and Web of Science. Seventy-four articles were ultimately included in this systematic review. Typical symptoms for both ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) such as chest, arm, or jaw pain were more common in both…

Virtual reality (VR) uses computer-generated and three-dimensional environments to create immersive experiences through the use of interactive devices that simulate virtual environments in many forms, such as 3D, screen-based, or room-based. Users can engage in the environment with objects, characters, and scenes, making individuals assume they are experiencing a real-life scenario. VR has been adopted across medical and nursing fields to supplement clinically relevant and practical teaching. However, the effectiveness of this interactive form of learning has come a long way with improvements in accessibility, cost, and technicalities. The immersive simulated environment that VR has to offer today initially began with screen-based learning and then the 360-video method. These previously sought-out methods were eventually found to disconnect the students from engaging in the learning environment that present-day VR systems are designed to provide. Interactive VR offers a dynamic platform for medical training. These simulations benefit the learner by allowing them to interact within…

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a growing global concern. The principal explanation for this is its adverse clinical outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality. However, the link between the economic burden of SSIs and patient outcomes needs to be sufficiently characterized. This review aims to describe the financial implications of SSIs on patient outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Despite the heterogeneity in study designs from multiple LMIC countries, there is a significant correlation between SSI-associated healthcare costs from increased length of stay (LOS), readmissions, reoperations, and adverse patient outcomes. This varies based on the size, degree of infection, or other patient comorbidities. SSIs are much more prevalent in LMICs. The additional financial burden incurred in managing SSIs reinforces the need to prioritize practicing interventions to prevent this complication, which resource-limited health institutions are unequipped to do and consequently have significant adverse patient outcomes.

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms have gained widespread attention for their distinct ability to generate automated responses to various prompts. However, its role in assessing the quality and readability of a provided text remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the proficiency of the conversational generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) in utilizing the DISCERN tool to evaluate the quality of online content regarding shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction. Methods Websites were generated using a Google search of "shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction" with location filters disabled. Readability was analyzed using Readable software (Readable.com, Horsham, United Kingdom). Quality was assessed independently by three reviewers using the DISCERN tool. The same plain text files collected were inputted into ChatGPT to determine whether they produced comparable metrics for readability and quality. Results The study results revealed a notable disparity between ChatGPT's readability assessment and that obtained from a reliable…

The opioid epidemic is a significant public health crisis that has caused extensive harm and devastation in the United States. This literature review aimed to identify the contributing factors and negative consequences of the epidemic, as well as best practices for healthcare providers in managing the epidemic. Overprescribing opiates and opioids, lack of education and opportunity, and being unmarried or divorced were some of the identified contributing factors to dependence on opioids. The epidemic's negative consequences are substantial, leading to increased access to opioids for vulnerable populations, which consequently cause accidental death among men and the degradation of rural community health services. As part of the literature review, we also analyzed the best practices for healthcare providers, including implementing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). However, we found that while PDMPs resulted in a decrease in opioid overprescription and an increase in provider confidence when prescribing medication, the evidence for their effectiveness in improving rural…

INTRODUCTION: Understanding patients' self-reported chemotherapy side effects is significant because it affects patients' quality of life (QOL) and compliance with treatment. Our current knowledge of chemotherapy side effects comes from available literature, whose external validity is questionable. Moreover, there are very few studies available in the literature that focus on various cancers and their associated side effects. METHODS: A single-center, prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center from July 2019 to July 2021. After deriving the sample size, we interviewed 76 consecutive study patients with gastric, periampullary, colorectal, and breast cancer for six months after chemotherapy initiation with a structured patient-reported outcome tool adapted in English and Tamil to record the side effects like diarrhea, vomiting, chest pain, constipation, dyspnea, fatigue, mucositis, and rash. The grading of symptoms was done according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. The frequency and prevalence of side effects were…

Diagnosing dental caries plays a pivotal role in preventing and treating tooth decay. However, traditional methods of diagnosing caries often fall short in accuracy and efficiency. Despite the endorsement of radiography as a diagnostic tool, the identification of dental caries through radiographic images can be influenced by individual interpretation. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into diagnosing dental caries holds significant promise, potentially enhancing the precision and efficiency of diagnoses. This review introduces the fundamental concepts of AI, including machine learning and deep learning algorithms, and emphasizes their relevance and potential contributions to the diagnosis of dental caries. It further explains the process of gathering and pre-processing radiography data for AI examination. Additionally, AI techniques for dental caries diagnosis are explored, focusing on image processing, analysis, and classification models for predicting caries risk and severity. Deep learning applications in dental caries diagnosis using convolutional neural networks are…

Background Healthcare-related artificial intelligence (AI) is developing. The capacity of the system to carry out sophisticated cognitive processes, such as problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and perceiving, is referred to as higher cognitive thinking in AI. This kind of thinking requires more than just processing facts; it also entails comprehending and working with abstract ideas, evaluating and applying data relevant to the context, and producing new insights based on prior learning and experience. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence-based conversational software that can engage with people to answer questions and uses natural language processing models. The platform has created a worldwide buzz and keeps setting an ongoing trend in solving many complex problems in various dimensions. Nevertheless, ChatGPT's capacity to correctly respond to queries requiring higher-level thinking in medical biochemistry has not yet been investigated. So, this research aimed to evaluate ChatGPT's aptitude for responding to higher-order questions on medical biochemistry. Objective In…

OBJECTIVES: Breakpoints provided by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are now being used in many countries. This study was planned to ascertain the agreement in antimicrobial susceptibility using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and EUCAST breakpoints during the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. METHODS: . amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefixime, aztreonam, meropenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fosfomycin) was analysed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was interpreted using CLSI 2022 and EUCAST 2022 guidelines. Results: Susceptibility data from a total of 356 isolates showed a slight increase in the percentage of resistant isolates with most of the drugs using EUCAST guidelines. The level of agreement varied from almost perfect to slight. For two drugs, i.e., fosfomycin and cefazolin, the agreement was least among the drug analysed (kappa (κ) value < 0.5, p < 0.001). For Ceftriaxone and Aztreonam, with EUCAST, susceptible (S)…